Neuroethics vs Neurophysiologically and Neuropsychologically Uninformed Influences in Child-Rearing, Education, Emerging Hunter-Gatherers, and Artificial Intelligence Models of the Brain

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneliese A. Pontius
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Intelligence Models ◽  
Normal Functional ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Models ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Brain

Potentially negative long-term consequences in four areas are emphasized, if specific neuromaturational, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological facts within a neurodevelopmental and ecological context are neglected in normal functional levels of child development and maturational lag of the frontal lobe system in “Attention Deficit Disorder,” in education (reading/writing and arithmetic), in assessment of cognitive functioning in hunter-gatherer populations, specifically modified in the service of their survival, and in constructing computer models of the brain, neglecting consciousness and intentionality as criticized recently by Searle.

Sa2015 Traumatic Brain Injury and Intestinal Dysfunction: Investigating a Putative Role of the Brain-Gut Axis in Long-Term Consequences of Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. S-384
Author(s):  
Elise L. Ma ◽  
Allen Smith ◽  
Neemesh Desai ◽  
Alan Faden ◽  
Terez Shea-Donohue
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Putative Role ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Brain

Introduction

Early Farmers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Bickle ◽  
Alasdair Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Human History ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Archaeological Science ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Recent Project

The Neolithic period worldwide can readily be identified as one of the great transformations in human history—in Europe, there were no farmers at c.7000 cal BC, but very few hunter-gatherers after c.4000 cal BC—with long-term consequences still felt today. However, it remains difficult to capture both the detail of everyday lives during the Neolithic, and the flow of long-term transformations. This introduction asks how we are to combine all our expanding data, and at what scales we should interpret them. The challenges facing integrated and multi-scalar approaches are illustrated by a recent project on Linearbandkeramik (LBK) lifeways in central Europe, which united isotopic, osteological and archaeological analyses in an investigation of cultural diversity. The other chapters that follow are introduced. The chapter ends by looking to how we better integrate archaeological science, through a shared focus on debating what questions we should ask.

scholarly journals The Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Tricyclic Antidepressant Clomipramine and Its High Penetration in the Brain Might Be Useful to Prevent the Psychiatric Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nobile ◽  
M. Durand ◽  
E. Olié ◽  
S. Guillaume ◽  
J. P. Molès ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Good Target ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
The Brain

At the time of writing (December 2020), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already caused more than one million deaths worldwide, and therefore, it is imperative to find effective treatments. The “cytokine storm” induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a good target to prevent disease worsening, as indicated by the results obtained with tocilizumab and dexamethasone. SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the brain and cause neuro-inflammation with dramatic neurological manifestations, such as viral encephalitis. This could lead to potentially incapacitating long-term consequences, such as the development of psychiatric disorders, as previously observed with SARS-CoV. Several pathways/mechanisms could explain the link between viral infection and development of psychiatric diseases, especially neuro-inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is important to find molecules with anti-inflammatory properties that penetrate easily into the brain. For instance, some antidepressants have anti-inflammatory action and pass easily through the blood brain barrier. Among them, clomipramine has shown very strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, in vivo (animal models) and human studies, especially in the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential application of clomipramine to prevent post-infectious mental complications. Repositioning and testing antidepressants for COVID-19 management could help to reduce peripheral and especially central inflammation and to prevent the acute and particularly the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Targeting Microglial Disturbances to Protect the Brain From Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated With Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée Delahaye-Duriez ◽  
Adrien Dufour ◽  
Cindy Bokobza ◽  
Pierre Gressens ◽  
Juliette Van Steenwinckel
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Perinatal Brain Injury ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Microglial activation during critical phases of brain development can result in short- and long-term consequences for neurological and psychiatric health. Several studies in humans and rodents have shown that microglial activation, leading to a transition from the homeostatic state toward a proinflammatory phenotype, has adverse effects on the developing brain and neurodevelopmental disorders. Targeting proinflammatory microglia may be an effective strategy for protecting the brain and attenuating neurodevelopmental disorders induced by inflammation. In this review we focus on the role of inflammation and the activation of immature microglia (pre-microglia) soon after birth in prematurity-associated neurodevelopmental disorders, and the specific features of pre-microglia during development. We also highlight the relevance of immunomodulatory strategies for regulating activated microglia in a rodent model of perinatal brain injury. An original neuroprotective approach involving a nanoparticle-based therapy and targeting microglia, with the aim of improving myelination and protecting the developing brain, is also addressed.

PERSONAL STATEMENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-860
Keyword(s):  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Persistent Poverty

Scientific data do not support a blanket injunction against the use of corporal punishment. The shortand long-term consequences of corporal punishment, or any other disciplinary practice within the normative range, depend for their effects on the cultural and child rearing contexts in which the practice is embedded. Spanking is but one means that can be used by a care giver in a disciplinary encounter, the disciplinary encounter is but one socialization strategy; and socialization is but one dimension of optimal care giving. The disciplinary encounter is intended to control the child's short-term behavior: It should be understood that such encounters do not extinguish children's motivated behavior once and for all, but need to be reinforced periodically. The long-term consequences to the child of nonabusive aversive discipline is mediated by its meaning to the child. The meaning to the child, in turn, depends upon the normative standards of the community and the extent to which the child believes that the parent is generally responsive to his or her desires and needs. A focus on spanking as a major cause of violence is not only scientifically misleading, but also diverts attention from the systemic causes of violence associated with persistent poverty. Spanking, as defined for this conference, is not abusive or violent, although the practice is intentionally aversive. Under most circumstances, spanking a child younger than 18 months or past puberty is counterproductive: the infant lacks sufficient capacity to regulate his/her own behavior or to process the care giver's rationale for spanking, whereas the adolescent (in most cultures, although not all) is likely to reject the care giver's use of physical punishment, which the adolescent views as illegitimate and invasive.

Barriers to Physical Activity in Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Langguth ◽  
Tanja Könen ◽  
Simone Matulis ◽  
Regina Steil ◽  
Caterina Gawrilow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Age Range

During adolescence, physical activity (PA) decreases with potentially serious, long-term consequences for physical and mental health. Although barriers have been identified as an important PA correlate in adults, research on adolescents’ PA barriers is lacking. Thus reliable, valid scales to measure adolescents’ PA barriers are needed. We present two studies describing a broad range of PA barriers relevant to adolescents with a multidimensional approach. In Study 1, 124 adolescents (age range = 12 – 24 years) reported their most important PA barriers. Two independent coders categorized those barriers. The most frequent PA barriers were incorporated in a multidimensional questionnaire. In Study 2, 598 adolescents (age range = 13 – 21 years) completed this questionnaire and reported their current PA, intention, self-efficacy, and negative outcome expectations. Seven PA barrier dimensions (leisure activities, lack of motivation, screen-based sedentary behavior, depressed mood, physical health, school workload, and preconditions) were confirmed in factor analyses. A multidimensional approach to measuring PA barriers in adolescents is reliable and valid. The current studies provide the basis for developing individually tailored interventions to increase PA in adolescents.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

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