Perception in Consequences of Free Riding

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Miles ◽  
Howard J. Klein
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Future Task

This study examined the relationships between perceptions of group members' free riding and group outcomes using Mulvey and Klein's 1998 perceived free riding scale. In a laboratory study, three free riding conditions were created (no free riding, free riding, free riding with justification) in which 97 college students performed two short number-finding tasks as members of temporary ad hoc three-person groups. 55% of the students were male and the average age was 22.9 yr. ( SD = 3.0). Participants' perceptions of free riding were negatively related to commitment to the assigned group goal, task performance, and goals for group performance and individual performance. In the condition wherein free riding was justified by low ability, participants set lower goals for their future task performance than did those in the other two conditions.

Group Processes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Stangor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Effective Group ◽  
And Task

Group process refers to the behaviors of the members of small working groups (usually between three and twelve members) as they engage in decision-making and task performance. Group process includes the study of how group members’ characteristics interact with the behavior of group members to create effective or ineffective group performance. Relevant topics include the influences of group norms, group roles, group status, group identity, and group social interaction as they influence group task performance and decision-making, the development and change of groups over time, group task typologies, and decision-making schemes. Relevant group outcomes include group cohesion, process losses and process gains in performance, free riding, ineffective information sharing, difficulties in brainstorming, groupthink, and group polarization. Other variables that influence effective group process include group member diversity, task attractiveness, and task significance. A variety of techniques are used to improve group process.

Individual and Group Performance

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-344
Author(s):  
Robert Pawlicki ◽  
Walter Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Shift Change

Two freshman psychology classes were presented a series of factual statements and asked to respond either true or false both individually and collectively to determine the importance of individual performance preceding group performance and vice versa in terms of shift (change of an answer given to a statement in one situation from an answer previously given to the same statement in another situation), the influence on accuracy of one situation preceding the other and the amount of shift observed in students with high grades and those with low grades. The data indicated that students at the extreme lower grade level (quartile IV) tended to shift more than students at the extreme upper level (quartile I), but no clear-cut differentiation appeared in central areas (quartiles II and III). No significant difference in shift occurred when group performance preceded individual performance or vice versa. Group performance preceding individual performance did prove to have a beneficial influence upon the individual's performance in that Ss conform somewhat to the performance of the group. The accuracy of the group performance was superior to that of the individuals.

scholarly journals Locus of control: Upaya untuk menurunkan social loafing

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
M. Arief Sumantri ◽  
Iqlima Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Loafing ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Psychological Scale

Abstrak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh locus of control, baik secara internal maupun eksternal terhadap social loafing dalam penyelesaian tugas kelompok. Social loafing merupakan fenomena menurunnya performansi (upaya/usaha) individu didalam pengerjaan tugas berbasis kelompok, hal yang tentu saja akan berdampak pada kinerja serta kepuasan kelompok. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan non-probability sampling dengan teknik accidental sampling pada populasi mahasiswa jurusan kependidikan (calon guru), dengan jumlah keseluruhan partisipan sebanyak 147 mahasiswa (45 tryout skala, 102 uji hipotesis). Pengukuran tiap variabel memodifikasi konstruk skala dari penelitian sebelumnya, yang merujuk pada Levenson untuk locus of control dan Latane untuk social loafing. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala psikologis dalam bentuk kuesioner, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi linier untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh locus of control baik secara internal maupun eksternal terhadap sosial loafing. Locus of control internal dalam penelitian ini terbukti mampu menurunkan social loafing (sig. 0,000), dengan Nilai R Square (kontribusi pengaruh) pada tabel koefisien determinasi senilai 0,211 atau sebesar 21,1%, sedangkan Locus of control eksternal tidak memberikan kontribusi pengaruh sama sekali.  Kata Kunci: Social Loafing, Locus of control, Tugas KelompokAbstract: This study uses a quantitative approach, intended to determine the effect of locus of control, both internally and externally on social loafing in completing group assignments. Social loafing is a phenomenon of decreasing individual performance (effort) in group-based assignments, thing which of course will have an impact on group performance and satisfaction. Sampling in this study used accidental sampling on population college students of education majors (prospective teachers), with the total number of participants as many as 147 college students (45 scale tests, 102 hypothesis tests). The measurement of each variable modifies the scale construct from previous research, which refers to Levenson for locus of control and Latane for social loafing. Data collection uses a psychological scale in the form of a questionnaire, analyzed using linear regression tests to determine how much influence locus of control both internally and externally on social loafing. Internal locus of control in this study proved to be able to reduce social loafing (sig. 0,000), with R Square Value (influence contribution) in the coefficient of determination table worth 0.211 or 21.1%, while external Locus of control did not contribute influence at all.Keywords: Social Loafing, Locus of control, Group Tasks

How Team Composition Affects Task Performance: Some Theoretical Insights

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1111-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Tziner
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Similarity Theory ◽  
Equity Theory ◽  
Team Composition ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship

Two social psychological theories—similarity theory and equity theory—are employed to elucidate the relationship between group members' abilities and group performance on tasks involving high interdependence. Contrasting hypotheses are drawn regarding compositions of specific abilities which should evoke performance above or below the simple sum of individual members' capacities.

Effect of Knowledge of One Correct Choice on Group Performance

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-862
Author(s):  
Kirk C. Harlow
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Group Members

In this study of the effect of goal specificity as knowledge of a single correct choice on group performance 28 groups of five persons were assigned to one of two conditions in a problem-solving role play. In one condition group members were told there was only one correct answer among seven choices, and in the other members were told simply to choose what they thought was the best answer. Analysis yielded significantly more correct responses among the groups knowing there was one correct answer, although no difference was found in the amount of time taken to solve the problem.

Do They See a Half-Full Water Cooler?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
William P. Jimenez ◽  
Xiaoxiao Hu ◽  
Chad Kenneally ◽  
Feng Wei
Keyword(s):  
Group Composition ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Creative Performance ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Cooler

Abstract. In the present study, relationships among group composition of trait optimism (the mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum scores of optimism), group cohesion, and three group performance variables (task performance, contextual performance, and creative performance) were examined. Multisource data were collected from 56 workgroups including 202 group members and 56 group leaders. We found that the mean, maximum, and minimum operationalizations of group optimism composition were positively related to the three group performance variables and that group cohesion mediated the optimism–performance relationships for the mean and minimum operationalizations of group optimism. We recommend that practitioners generally consider selecting optimistic individuals and consider that the trait optimism level of a group's least and most optimistic members may impact group outcomes.

Coping With Intergroup Threat via Biased Attributions to Low Group Effort

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Costarelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Social Identity Threat ◽  
Poor Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Over Time

Two studies demonstrate that, in order to cope with social identity threat, strongly but not weakly group-identified individuals make attributions of relatively poor group performance to low group effort rather than ability. However, this only takes place when such group members perceive negative group outcomes of intergroup comparisons as relatively illegitimate and unstable. Results demonstrate that such biased attributions were stronger for highly but not weakly identified participants when perceptions of the ingroup’s low status were induced to be illegitimate (but not when they were induced to be legitimate) – as their perceptions of the group low status as being unstable over time increased in parallel. This, in turn, ameliorated their subsequent affect. These findings point to a fairness-based account of coping with social identity threat through biased effort attributions: Perceived low effort on the part of the ingroup may suggest factors potentially within group control in the future ( Weiner, 1986 ) (as opposed to the less controllable low ability), which may in turn suggest that the ingroup does not deserve the self-threatening low status.

scholarly journals The social dynamics of collective problem-solving

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyanoush Seyed Yahosseini ◽  
Mehdi Moussaïd
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Collective Performance ◽  
The Individual

AbstractWhen searching for solutions to a problem, people often rely on the observation of their peers. How does this process of social learning impact the individual and the group’s performance? On the one hand, research has shown that individuals benefit from social learning in numerous situations and across many domains. Through social learning, individuals can access good solutions found by others, improve them, and share them in turn. On the other hand, this individual benefit may come at a cost: An excessive tendency to copy others often decreases the overall exploration volume of the group, thus reducing the diversity of discovered solutions, and eventually impairing the collective performance.Here we investigate the conditions under which social learning can be beneficial or detrimental to individuals and to the group. For that, we model problem-solving as a search task and simulate various amounts of social learning. We avoid model specific considerations by relying on a simple framework whereby individuals gradually explore the search environment – a two-dimensional landscape of solutions – while being attracted to the best solution of the group.Our results highlight a collective search dilemma: When group members learn from one another, they tend to improve their own individual performance at the expense of the collective performance. How is this dilemma affected by the structure of the search environment? By varying two structural aspects of the search environment, our results reveal that the negative effect of the dilemma is mitigated in more difficult environments.Finally, we show that single individuals can profit from a high propensity of social learning, which in turn is damaging for the other group members. As a consequence, if individuals continually adapt their behavior to maximize their own payoff, groups converge to a sub-optimal level of social learning. Unraveling these intricate social dynamics helps to understand the complex picture of collective problem-solving.

Network Autocorrelation of Task Performance via Informal Communication Within a Virtual World

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb T. Carr ◽  
Paul Zube
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
World Of Warcraft ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Informal Communication ◽  
Online Groups ◽  
Network Autocorrelation ◽  
Virtual Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Individual Achievement

Network autocorrelation occurs when individuals receive assistance from others which regulates their own behavior, and it can be used to explain how group members may improve their task performance. This study explored how network autocorrelation, via informal communication within a virtual group, affected an individual’s task achievement in the online game World of Warcraft. Informal interactions between guild members during a 4-year period were collected and analyzed to assess how informal interactions with other group members affected an individual’s in-game achievement. Findings indicate informal communication from other group members (specifically the experience and helpfulness of the other members) positively predict an individual’s task performance, while tenure with the group negatively predict individual achievement. Findings are discussed with respect to network analysis and influence in online groups.

scholarly journals Burnout in Professional Caregivers and Quality of Life in Institutionalized Center Residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Juan P. Martínez ◽  
Inmaculada Méndez ◽  
Esther Secanilla ◽  
Ana Benavente ◽  
Julia García Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Professional Caregiver ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Professional Accomplishment

Starting from previous studies in professional caregivers of people with dementia and other diseases in institutionalized centers of different regions, the aim of this study was to compare burnout levels that workers present depending on the center, to create a caregiver profile with high professional accomplishment and to describe the quality of life that residents perceive Murcia and Barcelona. The instruments used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Professional Caregiver Survey developed ad hoc and the Brief Questionnaire of Quality of Life (CUBRECAVI in Spanish) on residents. The results show, on the one hand, that levels of professional accomplishment may be paradoxically higher in the case of catastrophe and, on the other hand, the 98.2% of users are satisfied with the residence in which is located and 81.8% with the manner in which occupy the time. The conclusions that are extrapolated from the study shed light on the current situation of workers and residents and the influence that an earthquake can have on them.

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