Sex Differences in Memory Estimates, Revisited

207 undergraduate students (95 men and 112 women) representing all four years in college provided estimates of memory performance before and after a recall task involving 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). The study was intended as a replication of the work of Ionescu in 2000 wherein men underestimated their performance on the picture items and women underestimated their performance on the words. No sex differences were found for correct recall totals, recall for pictures, recall for words, and total prerecall performance estimates. Although both men and women underestimated their pre- and postrecall performance, women underestimated their postrecall performance more than men. More importantly, men underestimated their performance on recall of pictures, whereas women underestimated their performance on the word items, thereby validating prior results with a larger sample. The possible bases for this phenomenon are still not clear.

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Sex Differences in Memory Estimates for Pictures and Words

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.315 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 315-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marcos D. Ionescu

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Recall Test ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Correct Recall ◽

Recall Task ◽

Men And Women ◽

Before And After ◽

Pictures And Words ◽

Performance Estimates

Memory performance estimates of men and women before and after a recall test were investigated. College students (17 men and 20 women), all juniors, participated in a memory task involving the recall of 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). Before and after the task they were asked to provide estimates of their pre- and postrecall performance. Although no sex differences were found for total correct recall, recall for pictures, and recall for words, or in the estimates of memory performance before the recall task, there were significant differences after the test: women underestimated their performance on the words and men underestimated their performance on the picture items.

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Sex Differences in Memory Estimates for Pictures and Words with Multiple Recall Trials

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.94.2.467-474 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 467-474

Author(s):

Marcos D. Ionescu

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Recall Trial ◽

Actual Performance ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Third ◽

Before And After ◽

Pictures And Words ◽

Performance Estimates

Undergraduate students (23 men and 23 women) provided memory performance estimates before and after each of three recall trials involving 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). No sex differences were found across trials for the total recall of items or for the recall of pictures and words separately. A significant increase in recall for pictures (not words) was found for both sexes across trials. The previous results of Ionescu were replicated on the first and second recall trials: men underestimated their performance on the pictures and women underestimated their performance on the word items. These differences in postrecall estimates were not found after the third recall trial: men and women alike underestimated their performance on both the picture and word items. The disappearance of item-specific sex differences in postrecall estimates for the third recall trial does not imply that men and women become more accurate at estimating their actual performance with multiple recall trials.

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Sex Differences in Working Memory

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.103.1.214-218 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 214-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ashley Harness ◽

Lorri Jacot ◽

Shauna Scherf ◽

Adam White ◽

Jason E. Warnick

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Memory Task ◽

Stimulus Presentation ◽

Verbal Working Memory ◽

Recall Task ◽

Free Recall Task ◽

Men And Women ◽

Distraction Condition ◽

Distraction Task

In two separate studies, sex differences in modal-specific elements of working memory were investigated by utilizing words and pictures as stimuli. Groups of men and women performed a free-recall task of words or pictures in which 20 items were presented concurrently and the number of correct items recalled was measured. Following stimulus presentation, half of the participants were presented a verbal-based distraction task. On the verbal working-memory task, performance of men and women was not significantly different in the no-distraction condition. However, in the distraction condition, women's recall was significantly lower than their performance in the no-distraction condition and men's performance in the distraction condition. These findings are consistent with previous research and point to sex differences in cognitive ability putatively resulting from functional neuroanatomical dissimilarities. On the visual working-memory task, women showed significantly greater recall than men. These findings are inconsistent with previous research and underscore the need for further research.

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Sex Differences in Preferences for Coffee Sweetness among Japanese Students

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.105.2.403-404 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 403-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazuko Yamazawa ◽

Kumi Hirokawa ◽

Hiroyuki Shimizu

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Difference ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Men And Women ◽

Coffee Drinking ◽

Japanese Students ◽

Drinking Habits

The purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in preferences for coffee sweetness. The participants were 59 Japanese undergraduate students. Men preferred sweeter coffee than women, while both men and women showed almost the same preference for acidic beverage sweetness. The sex difference in preferences for coffee sweetness may be related to coffee-drinking habits.

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How Valid is the Social Desirability Scale of Bem's Sex Role Inventory

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.553 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 553-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ma. Asuncion Lara-Cantu ◽

Monica Suzan-Reed

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Social Desirability ◽

Sex Role ◽

First Year ◽

Social Desirability Scale ◽

Men And Women ◽

Masculinity And Femininity ◽

The Social

Extensive research has been carried out on Bern's Masculinity and Femininity scales, but little has been reported on the validity of the Social Desirability scale, so correlations were obtained for the Marlowe and Crowne Social Desirability Scale and Bern's scales, as well as a factor analysis of Bern's inventory, and mean sex differences for Bern's Social Desirability items. 478 first-year undergraduate students, aged 18 to 22 yr., 214 men and 264 women, were subjects. Correlations of Marlowe-Crowne scores were .42 with Bern's Social Desirability, .20 with Masculinity, and .13 with Femininity. Factor analysis of responses to Bern's inventory gave four factors: the social desirability items had high loadings, and no single social desirability factor was found that included the items of this scale in a representative number. Finally, nine of Bern's social desirability items were differentially endorsed by men and women. These results suggest that Bern's Social Desirability scale measures socially desirable characteristics, although the items do not form a cohesive scale and are not independent of sex.

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Sex Differences in Paranormal Beliefs among Undergraduate College Students

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1998.87.2.475 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 475-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

William F. Vitulli ◽

Stephanie L. Luper

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

General Psychology ◽

Life After Death ◽

Extrasensory Perception ◽

Paranormal Beliefs ◽

Before And After ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Social Marginality ◽

Perception Survey

Beliefs in and experience of the paranormal were assessed in 125 college-aged undergraduate students. Crawford and Christensen's 1995 12-item Extrasensory Perception Survey was administered before and after taking a course in general psychology. Men scored significantly higher than women on scale values (1–5) for beliefs regarding life after death, the existence of extrasensory perception, having at least one extrasensory experience, and UFOs with people from other places visiting our planet. There were no significant differences (within subjects) between beliefs before versus after the course, yet mean scores from pre- and posttests showed that belief in life after death, belief in precognitive experience in dreams, and belief in the existence of extrasensory perception ranked highest over-all in endorsement while beliefs in physical contacts with ghosts, auras, and psychokinesis ranked lowest. Sex differences were discussed in the context of the hypothesis of social marginality.

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Sex Differences of Kidney Stone Urine Risk Factors after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

American Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.1159/000514455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 173-176

Author(s):

Megan Prochaska ◽

John Asplin ◽

Arlene Chapman ◽

Elaine Worcester

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Men And Women ◽

Before And After ◽

Urine Composition ◽

Bariatric Surgical Procedure

Introduction: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a bariatric surgical procedure that is associated with higher risk of kidney stones after surgery. We examined urine composition in 18 men and women before and after RYGB to examine differences in kidney stone risk. Methods: Three 24-h urine collections were performed before and 1 year after RYGB. We analyzed mean urinary values for pre- and post-RYGB collections and compared men and women. Results: Seven men and eleven women completed pre- and post-RYGB urine collections. Pre-RYGB, men had higher calcium oxalate supersaturation (CaOx SS) (7.0 vs. 5.0, p = 0.04) compared with women. Post-RYGB, women had higher urine CaOx SS (13.1 vs. 4.6, p = 0.002), calcium phosphate supersaturation (1.04 vs. 0.59, p = 0.05), and lower urine volumes (1.7 vs. 2.7L, p < 0.001) compared with men. Discussion/Conclusion: There are important differences in urine composition by sex that may contribute to higher kidney stone risk in women after RYGB compared with men.

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Just World Beliefs and Irrational Beliefs: A Sex Difference?

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.328 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 328-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mark W. Durm ◽

Deborah A. Stowers

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Difference ◽

Irrational Beliefs ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Just World Beliefs ◽

Just World ◽

Men And Women ◽

Larger Sample

This study assessed sex differences on a portion of the Multidimensional Belief in a Just World Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test for an undergraduate sample of 23 men and 23 women who completed both scales. No significant mean difference was found between men and women on either test. Replication with a much larger sample is needed.

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Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.23.2.77 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Matthew C. Whited ◽

Kevin T. Larkin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽

Task Type ◽

Conflict Task ◽

Men And Women ◽

Conflicting Evidence ◽

Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

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The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.117 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽

Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Sex Difference ◽

Test Scores ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Stressful Situation ◽

Men And Women ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

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