Sex Differences in Memory Estimates for Pictures and Words

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos D. Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pictures And Words ◽  
Performance Estimates

Memory performance estimates of men and women before and after a recall test were investigated. College students (17 men and 20 women), all juniors, participated in a memory task involving the recall of 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). Before and after the task they were asked to provide estimates of their pre- and postrecall performance. Although no sex differences were found for total correct recall, recall for pictures, and recall for words, or in the estimates of memory performance before the recall task, there were significant differences after the test: women underestimated their performance on the words and men underestimated their performance on the picture items.

Sex Differences in Memory Estimates, Revisited

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos D. Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Performance Estimates

207 undergraduate students (95 men and 112 women) representing all four years in college provided estimates of memory performance before and after a recall task involving 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). The study was intended as a replication of the work of Ionescu in 2000 wherein men underestimated their performance on the picture items and women underestimated their performance on the words. No sex differences were found for correct recall totals, recall for pictures, recall for words, and total prerecall performance estimates. Although both men and women underestimated their pre- and postrecall performance, women underestimated their postrecall performance more than men. More importantly, men underestimated their performance on recall of pictures, whereas women underestimated their performance on the word items, thereby validating prior results with a larger sample. The possible bases for this phenomenon are still not clear.

Sex Differences in Memory Estimates for Pictures and Words with Multiple Recall Trials

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Marcos D. Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pictures And Words ◽  
Performance Estimates

Undergraduate students (23 men and 23 women) provided memory performance estimates before and after each of three recall trials involving 80 stimuli (40 pictures and 40 words). No sex differences were found across trials for the total recall of items or for the recall of pictures and words separately. A significant increase in recall for pictures (not words) was found for both sexes across trials. The previous results of Ionescu were replicated on the first and second recall trials: men underestimated their performance on the pictures and women underestimated their performance on the word items. These differences in postrecall estimates were not found after the third recall trial: men and women alike underestimated their performance on both the picture and word items. The disappearance of item-specific sex differences in postrecall estimates for the third recall trial does not imply that men and women become more accurate at estimating their actual performance with multiple recall trials.

Sex Differences in Working Memory

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Harness ◽  
Lorri Jacot ◽  
Shauna Scherf ◽  
Adam White ◽  
Jason E. Warnick
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Distraction Condition ◽  
Distraction Task

In two separate studies, sex differences in modal-specific elements of working memory were investigated by utilizing words and pictures as stimuli. Groups of men and women performed a free-recall task of words or pictures in which 20 items were presented concurrently and the number of correct items recalled was measured. Following stimulus presentation, half of the participants were presented a verbal-based distraction task. On the verbal working-memory task, performance of men and women was not significantly different in the no-distraction condition. However, in the distraction condition, women's recall was significantly lower than their performance in the no-distraction condition and men's performance in the distraction condition. These findings are consistent with previous research and point to sex differences in cognitive ability putatively resulting from functional neuroanatomical dissimilarities. On the visual working-memory task, women showed significantly greater recall than men. These findings are inconsistent with previous research and underscore the need for further research.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning in At-Risk Mental State for Psychosis, First Episode Psychosis and Healthy Control Subjects

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ittig ◽  
E. Studerus ◽  
M. Papmeyer ◽  
M. Uttinger ◽  
S. Koranyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
At Risk Mental State

AbstractBackground:Several sex differences in schizophrenia have been reported including differences in cognitive functioning. Studies with schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (HC) indicate that the sex advantage for women in verbal domains is also present in schizophrenia patients. However, findings have been inconsistent. No study focused on sex-related cognitive performance differences in at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS) individuals yet. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate sex differences in cognitive functioning in ARMS, first episode psychosis (FEP) and HC subjects. We expected a better verbal learning and memory performance of women in all groups.Methods:The neuropsychological data analysed in this study were collected within the prospective Früherkennung von Psychosen (FePsy) study. In total, 118 ARMS, 88 FEP individuals and 86 HC completed a cognitive test battery covering the domains of executive functions, attention, working memory, verbal learning and memory, IQ and speed of processing.Results:Women performed better in verbal learning and memory regardless of diagnostic group. By contrast, men as compared to women showed a shorter reaction time during the working memory task across all groups.Conclusion:The results provide evidence that women generally perform better in verbal learning and memory, independent of diagnostic group (ARMS, FEP, HC). The finding of a shorter reaction time for men in the working memory task could indicate that men have a superior working memory performance since they responded faster during the target trials, while maintaining a comparable overall working memory performance level.

An Examination of Study Time Allocation as a Contributor to Sex Differences in Multitrial Verbal Learning Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412198929
Author(s):  
Lacy E. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Study Time ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Study Time Allocation

Researchers have noted sex differences in verbal memory performance with females showing a memory superiority effect. Research paradigms have largely incorporated experimenter-timed materials. Therefore, the extent to which self-regulating study time influences this pattern of sex differences is unclear. The researcher reexamined data from a published paper to determine whether sex differences in multitrial verbal learning are minimized when individuals self-regulate their study time, or if sex differences would still remain. The results from this study showed that females outperformed males on subsequent test trials, and they allocated more study time. Controlling for the influence of study time allocation reduced or eliminated sex differences in memory performance, and only study time allocation was related to whether items were gained or lost across trials. These findings suggest the importance of self-regulated learning in reducing sex differences on a verbal memory task and the contribution of study time allocation to memory performance.

Oscillatory Theta Activity during Memory Formation and Its Impact on Overnight Consolidation: A Missing Link?

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1648-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik P. J. Heib ◽  
Kerstin Hoedlmoser ◽  
Peter Anderer ◽  
Georg Gruber ◽  
Josef Zeitlhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Spindle Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Neuronal Processes

Sleep has been shown to promote memory consolidation driven by certain oscillatory patterns, such as sleep spindles. However, sleep does not consolidate all newly encoded information uniformly but rather “selects” certain memories for consolidation. It is assumed that such selection depends on salience tags attached to the new memories before sleep. However, little is known about the underlying neuronal processes reflecting presleep memory tagging. The current study sought to address the question of whether event-related changes in spectral theta power (theta ERSP) during presleep memory formation could reflect memory tagging that influences subsequent consolidation during sleep. Twenty-four participants memorized 160 word pairs before sleep; in a separate laboratory visit, they performed a nonlearning control task. Memory performance was tested twice, directly before and after 8 hr of sleep. Results indicate that participants who improved their memory performance overnight displayed stronger theta ERSP during the memory task in comparison with the control task. They also displayed stronger memory task-related increases in fast sleep spindle activity. Furthermore, presleep theta activity was directly linked to fast sleep spindle activity, indicating that processes during memory formation might indeed reflect memory tagging that influences subsequent consolidation during sleep. Interestingly, our results further indicate that the suggested relation between sleep spindles and overnight performance change is not as direct as once believed. Rather, it appears to be mediated by processes beginning during presleep memory formation. We conclude that theta ERSP during presleep memory formation reflects cortico-hippocampal interactions that lead to a better long-term accessibility by tagging memories for sleep spindle-related reprocessing.

Developmental Analysis of Sex Differences in Categorical Organization

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-890
Author(s):  
Mary W. Mwangi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
Standard Instruction ◽  
Developmental Analysis

Sex differences in recall and categorical organization of 180 children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 were investigated for a single-trial free-recall task. A memory task composed of 20 items from five conceptual categories was individually administered to each subject under standard instruction. Analysis suggested differential developmental trends for boys and girls. Significant sex differences in recall were obtained in Grade 6 only, with 36 boys showing better recall than 36 girls. An initial male developmental lag in clustering was evident in Grade 2, but no significant sex differences in Grade 4. By Grade 6 boys showed superior clustering. It is concluded that girls and boys show different developmental trends in categorical organization. The developmental trends in the pattern of sex differences in categorical organization obtained in this study are discussed in relation to patterns reported in previous studies.

Sex Differences of Kidney Stone Urine Risk Factors after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Megan Prochaska ◽  
John Asplin ◽  
Arlene Chapman ◽  
Elaine Worcester
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Urine Composition ◽  
Bariatric Surgical Procedure

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a bariatric surgical procedure that is associated with higher risk of kidney stones after surgery. We examined urine composition in 18 men and women before and after RYGB to examine differences in kidney stone risk. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Three 24-h urine collections were performed before and 1 year after RYGB. We analyzed mean urinary values for pre- and post-RYGB collections and compared men and women. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Seven men and eleven women completed pre- and post-RYGB urine collections. Pre-RYGB, men had higher calcium oxalate supersaturation (CaOx SS) (7.0 vs. 5.0, <i>p</i> = 0.04) compared with women. Post-RYGB, women had higher urine CaOx SS (13.1 vs. 4.6, <i>p</i> = 0.002), calcium phosphate supersaturation (1.04 vs. 0.59, <i>p</i> = 0.05), and lower urine volumes (1.7 vs. 2.7L, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) compared with men. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> There are important differences in urine composition by sex that may contribute to higher kidney stone risk in women after RYGB compared with men.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

The Relationship Between Interoception and Metacognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Meessen ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel ◽  
Eftychia Volz-Sidiropoulou ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.

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