Sex Differences in Recall of Real or Nonsense Words

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doreen Kimura ◽  
Brooke N. Seal
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
The Real ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Better Than

Women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage has not been precisely established. To examine whether phonemic memory is a factor in the female advantage, we presented, along with other verbal memory tasks, one containing nonsense words. Overall, there was the expected female advantage. However, an examination of the individual tests showed female superiority in recall of the real words but not the nonsense words.

Sex differences in language competence of 4-year-old children: Female advantages are mediated by phonological short-term memory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Lange ◽  
Eugen Zaretsky
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
German Children ◽  
Better Than

Abstract For some time now, psycholinguistic research has involved the study of sex differences in language development. Overall, girls seem to have an early advantage over boys, mainly in regard to vocabulary, which appears to decrease and, eventually, vanish with age. While there are numerous studies on sex differences in the acquisition of vocabulary as well as grammar, early sex differences in phonological short-term memory (PSTM) have been mostly neglected, or if research was conducted, it resulted in null findings, for the most part. In the present study, we examined sex differences in language competence (in a wide array of linguistic domains) of German children 4 years of age. Several tests were administered to assess articulation, vocabulary, grammar, speech comprehension, and, most importantly, PSTM (by means of the repetition of non-words and sentences). Girls performed better than boys in all domains, although some effect sizes were small. Most importantly, we found evidence for a female advantage in PSTM performance. Furthermore, mediation analyses revealed that the obtained sex differences in articulation, vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension were partially or fully mediated by (sex differences in) PSTM.

Sex and Cultural Differences in Children's Spatial and Verbal Memory Span

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Orsini ◽  
Ornella Schiappa ◽  
Dario Grossi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Spatial Span ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
The Town ◽  
Better Than

Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping) and verbal span (Wechsler Digits Forward) were measured in 1113 children aged 4 to 10 yr. from urban and rural districts of the Regione Campania. Significant differences pointing to a better performance of the “town” group were found on both tests. Sex differences were found only on the spatial span rest; boys performed better than girls.

Women's Advantage on Verbal Memory is Not Restricted to Concrete Words

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1137-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doreen Kimura ◽  
Paul G. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Concrete Words ◽  
Better Than

It is well established that women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage is unclear. To examine whether reference to a real object is a factor, we presented several verbal memory tasks, including one containing words high and low in concreteness. Over all tests there was an expected female advantage. Although concrete words were recalled much better than abstract words, the female advantage was equivalent on both. The sex difference was not accounted for by a difference in verbal intelligence. Possible brain and adaptive mechanisms are discussed.

Assessing the Demand for Online Integration Platforms in the Real Estate Business

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
N. S. Alekseeva ◽  
A. E. Druzhinin
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Integration Platform ◽  
Online Platform ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
The Individual

Examination of the real estate market shows that implementing innovations in this field is a very difficult task. This prompts the question of the necessity of digitalizing the real estate business and of the demand for online integration platforms in this field.Aim. The presented study aims to assess the demand for online integration platforms in the real estate business.Tasks. The authors compare the online integration platforms in the real estate market with the online integration platforms in the hospitality sector and the individual passenger transport market in terms of the share of user profits that integrators receive for their services on the online platform; compare the share of user profits that integrators receive for their services on the online platform with the equivalent indicator in various other global economic activities; assess the value of the services provided by an online integration platform using the methodology proposed by G. G. Azgaldov and N. N. Karpova.Methods. The data were acquired from public Internet sources and personal interviews with the directors of companies that represent or employ the services of online integration platforms in St. Petersburg. The interviews and work with Internet sources were conducted in November 2019.Results. An integrator in the real estate market receives a share of profits of their service users that is comparable to that of the integrators in the hospitality sector and the individual passenger transport market. The share of profits of a Russian integrator in the real estate market is significantly higher than that in such industries as entertainment, fashion, or sports. The value of an online integration platform can be defined as highly valuable, since the expected value of this indicator is 1.5 times higher than the maximum table value.Conclusions. The performed analysis shows a high demand for online integration platforms in the real estate business. Market participants are willing to pay for the ability to use new digital technologies.

Subjective Cognitive Decline and its Relation to Verbal Memory and Sex in Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals from a Colombian Cohort with Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jairo E. Martinez ◽  
Enmanuelle Pardilla-Delgado ◽  
Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez ◽  
Clara Vila-Castelar ◽  
Rebecca Amariglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Study Partner

Abstract Objective: Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) may be an early indicator of risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Findings regarding sex differences in SCD are inconsistent. Studying sex differences in SCD within cognitively unimpaired individuals with autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD), who will develop dementia, may inform sex-related SCD variations in preclinical AD. We examined sex differences in SCD within cognitively unimpaired mutation carriers from the world’s largest ADAD kindred and sex differences in the relationship between SCD and memory performance. Methods: We included 310 cognitively unimpaired Presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) E280A mutation carriers (51% females) and 1998 noncarrier family members (56% females) in the study. Subjects and their study partners completed SCD questionnaires and the CERAD word list delayed recall test. ANCOVAs were conducted to examine group differences in SCD, sex, and memory performance. In carriers, partial correlations were used to examine associations between SCD and memory performance covarying for education. Results: Females in both groups had greater self-reported and study partner-reported SCD than males (all p < 0.001). In female mutation carriers, greater self-reported (p = 0.02) and study partner-reported SCD (p < 0.001) were associated with worse verbal memory. In male mutation carriers, greater self-reported (p = 0.03), but not study partner-reported SCD (p = 0.11) was associated with worse verbal memory. Conclusions: Study partner-reported SCD may be a stronger indicator of memory decline in females versus males in individuals at risk for developing dementia. Future studies with independent samples and preclinical trials should consider sex differences when recruiting based on SCD criteria.

scholarly journals The Impacts in Real Estate of Landscape Values: Evidence from Tuscany (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2236
Author(s):  
Francesco Riccioli ◽  
Roberto Fratini ◽  
Fabio Boncinelli
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Landscape Values ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
Real Estate Prices ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Individual

Using spatial econometric techniques and local spatial statistics, this study explores the relationships between the real estate values in Tuscany with the individual perception of satisfaction by landscape types. The analysis includes the usual territorial variables such as proximity to urban centres and roads. The landscape values are measured through a sample of respondents who expressed their aesthetic-visual perceptions of different types of land use. Results from a multivariate local Geary highlight that house prices are not spatial independent and that between the variables included in the analysis there is mainly a positive correlation. Specifically, the findings demonstrate a significant spatial dependence in real estate prices. The aesthetic values influence the real estate price throughout more a spatial indirect effect rather than the direct effect. Practically, house prices in specific areas are more influenced by aspects such as proximity to essential services. The results seem to show to live close to highly aesthetic environments not in these environments. The results relating to the distance from the main roads, however, seem counterintuitive. This result probably depends on the evidence that these areas suffer from greater traffic jam or pollution or they are preferred for alternative uses such as for locating industrial plants or big shopping centres rather than residential use. Therefore, these effects decrease house prices.

Devanagari Text Detection From Natural Scene Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Sankirti Sandeep Shiravale ◽  
R. Jayadevan ◽  
Sanjeev S. Sannakki
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
Image Understanding ◽  
Text Detection ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Scene Images ◽  
Better Than

Text present in a camera captured scene images is semantically rich and can be used for image understanding. Automatic detection, extraction, and recognition of text are crucial in image understanding applications. Text detection from natural scene images is a tedious task due to complex background, uneven light conditions, multi-coloured and multi-sized font. Two techniques, namely ‘edge detection' and ‘colour-based clustering', are combined in this paper to detect text in scene images. Region properties are used for elimination of falsely generated annotations. A dataset of 1250 images is created and used for experimentation. Experimental results show that the combined approach performs better than the individual approaches.

Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy L. Wisner ◽  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rotary Pursuit ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Better Than

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

Volkswille: Reale Substanz oder notwendige Fiktion?

Der Staat ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-396
Author(s):  
Shu-Perng Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
The Will ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
The Individual

Angesichts des markanten Aufstiegs des Rechtspopulismus in den vergangenen Jahren drängt sich die Frage immer wieder auf, ob oder inwiefern das Parlament den eigentlichen Volkswillen (noch) vertreten kann, und wie im Zeitalter der Globalisierung und Digitalisierung der eigentliche Volkswille überhaupt festzustellen und effektiv durchzusetzen ist. In dieser Hinsicht steht das Vertrauen in die Fähigkeit des Parlaments, den wahren Volkswillen herauszubilden und zu artikulieren, erneut vor großen Herausforderungen. Durch eine vergleichende Analyse zwischen den Demokratietheorien Böckenfördes und Kelsens zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag, weshalb und inwiefern das weitverbreitete Verständnis des Volkswillens und dessen Rolle in der parlamentarischen Demokratie gerade vor dem heutigen Hintergrund eine kritische Besinnung verdient. Es wird argumentiert, dass gerade in demokratischer Hinsicht nicht die Suche nach dem „wahren Volkswillen“, sondern nach wie vor die Gewährleistung der Menschen- bzw. Grundrechte der Einzelnen und insbesondere der Minderheiten von zentraler Bedeutung sein soll. In view of the spread of right-wing populism in recent years, the question as to how the will of the people is to be ascertained and expressed has attracted much attention in constitutional scholarship. In particular, the issue of whether or to what extent the parliament is (still) capable of representing and demonstrating the will of the people has been repeatedly discussed and debated. Through a comparative analysis of Böckenförde’s und Kelsen’s democratic theories, this article critically examines the problems of the widespread understanding of the will of the people as a real-empirical existence and its significance for the realization of democracy. Accordingly, it points out why and in what sense the reference to the so-called real will of the people would undermine rather than promote democracy. This article concludes by arguing that, precisely for the sake of democracy, what is crucial is not to determine what the “real will of the people” is, but rather to guarantee the freedom of the individual and especially of the minorities.

Engine Fleet-Management: The Use of Digital Twins From a MRO Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joern Kraft ◽  
Stefan Kuntzagk
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Fleet Management ◽  
Component Level ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Life Consumption

Engine operating cost is a major contributor to the direct operating cost of aircraft. Therefore, the minimization of engine operating cost per flight-hour is a key aspect for airlines to operate successfully under challenging market conditions. The interaction between maintenance cost, operating cost, asset value, lease and replacement cost describes the area of conflict in which engine fleets can be optimized. State-of-the-art fleet management is based on advanced diagnostic and prognostic methods on engine and component level to provide optimized long-term removal and work-scoping forecasts on fleet level based on the individual operation. The key element of these methods is a digital twin of the active engines consisting of multilevel models of the engine and its components. This digital twin can be used to support deterioration and failure analysis, predict life consumption of critical parts and relate the specific operation of a customer to the real and expected condition of the engines on-wing and at induction to the shop. The fleet management data is constantly updated based on operational data sent from the engines as well as line maintenance and shop data. The approach is illustrated along the real application on the CFM56-5C, a mature commercial two-spool high bypass engine installed on the Airbus A340-300. It can be shown, that the new methodology results in major improvements on the considered fleets.

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