scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density in Children From Anthropological and Clinical Sciences: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette M. Manifold
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Anthropological Literature

Abstract Bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent topic of discussion in the clinical literature in relation to the bone health of both adults and children. However, in archaeological and/ or anthropological studies the role of BMD is often cited as a possible factor in the poor skeletal preservation which can lead to an under-representation of juvenile skeletal remains. During skeletal development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence changes take place in both the size and shape of bones and these changes also result in the increasing of mineral content. BMD can be affected by many factors, which include, age, genetics, sexual maturation, amount of physical activity and dietary calcium. This paper aims to review the clinical and anthropological literature on BMD and discuss the numerous methods of measurement and how the availability of certain methods such as Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can influence the study of bone density in archaeological skeletal collections and also the future potential for forensic anthropological studies.

scholarly journals Skeletal Development during Childhood and Adolescence and the Effects of Physical Activity

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han C.G. Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Local Mechanism

This paper reviews the growth and development of skeletal mass in youth and the effects of physical activity upon the bone mass in young people. The different methods to measure the bone mass are described such as anthropometrics, radiographics, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, and ultrasound. Two different mechanisms are important for the formation and plasticity of bone: a central hormonal mechanism (with estrogen production) and a local mechanism (based on mechanical forces of gravity and muscle contractions). This local mechanism is closely connected to physical activity patterns and therefore discussed in more detail. Thereafter the natural course of the development of the bone mass during youth is described, taking into account the pubertal stages of boys and girls and also the age at which the maximal bone mass (peak bone mineral density) will be reached. The last part is devoted to the effects of physical activity on bone mass based on results of randomized controlled trials. Although the number of experimental studies are scarce, significant effects of weight bearing activity and high impact strength training programs are shown on the side specific bone mineral density in both boys and girls.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of bone mineral density in Thoroughbreds using quantitative computed tomography

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka YAMADA ◽  
Fumio SATO ◽  
Tohru HIGUCHI ◽  
Kaori NISHIHARA ◽  
Mitsunori KAYANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density

scholarly journals Role of Dietary Intake and Serum 25(OH)D on the Effects of a Multicomponent Exercise Program on Bone Mass and Structure of Frail and Pre-Frail Older Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3016
Author(s):  
Ana Moradell ◽  
David Navarrete-Villanueva ◽  
Ángel I. Fernández-García ◽  
Jorge Marín-Puyalto ◽  
Alejandro Gómez-Bruton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Frail Older Adults ◽  
Frail Elders ◽  
Tibia Length

The multicomponent training (MCT) effect on bone health in frail and pre-frail elders, which is influenced by dietary intake, is still unknown. The objective of this non-randomized intervention trial was to assess the effects of a 6-month MCT on bone structure in frail and pre-frail elders, and to analyse the influence of dietary intake and serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) in these changes. Thirty MCT (TRAIN) and sixteen controls (CON), frail and pre-frail completed the information required for this study. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements were taken at 4% and 38% of the tibia length and dietary intake was registered. The 25(OH)D values were obtained from blood samples. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) for repeated measures showed significant decreases for CON in total bone mineral content at 38% of tibia length. One factor ANOVAs showed smaller decreases in bone mineral density and cortical thickness percentage of change in TRAIN compared to CON. Linear regression analyses were performed to study the influence of nutrients and 25(OH)D on bone changes. Alcohol showed a negative influence on fracture index changes, while polyunsaturated fatty acid and vitamin A showed a positive association with some bone variables. The 25(OH)D only affected positively the cortical bone mineral density. In conclusion, our MCT seems to slow down some of the bone detriments associated with ageing in frail and pre-frail older adults, with alcohol showing a negative effect on the bone and apparent limited effect of nutrients and serum 25(OH)D on training related changes.

Effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Bone Geometry, Assessed by Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Bisphosphonates

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYMEON TOURNIS ◽  
VASILIOS SAMDANIS ◽  
SAVAS PSARELIS ◽  
CHRYSA LIAKOU ◽  
JULIA ANTONIOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Geometry ◽  
Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Volumetric Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Mineral Density

Objective.To investigate the effect of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone geometry in postmenopausal women treated with bisphosphonates.Methods.Fifty-three postmenopausal women with RA and 87 control subjects, comparable in terms of age, body mass index, and years since menopause, underwent peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the nondominant tibia.Results.At 4% (trabecular site), trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) and vBMD (p < 0.001) were lower in the RA group, while trabecular area was comparable. At 38% (cortical site), cortical BMC (p < 0.01), area (p < 0.05), and thickness (p < 0.001) were lower in the RA group, whereas vBMD was comparable. Endosteal circumference was higher (p < 0.05), whereas periosteal circumference was comparable, indicating cancellization of cortical bone. In the RA group, muscle area was lower (p < 0.001), while at 14% polar stress strength index was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in patients with RA, indicating impairment of bone mechanical properties.Conclusion.RA is associated with negative effects on both cortical and cancellous bone in postmenopausal women treated with bisphosphonates. Cortical geometric properties are also adversely affected mainly by increased endosteal circumference, whereas trabecular geometric properties are generally preserved.

scholarly journals Impaired skeletal growth in mice with haploinsufficiency of IGF-I: genetic evidence that differences in IGF-I expression could contribute to peak bone mineral density differences

2005 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mohan ◽  
D J Baylink
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Peak Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Peak Bmd

Although it is well established that there is considerable inter-individual variation in the circulating levels of IGF-I in normal, healthy individuals and that a genetic component contributes substantially to this variation, the direct evidence that inter-individual variation in IGF-I contributes to differences in peak bone mineral density (BMD) is lacking. To examine if differences in IGF-I expression could contribute to peak BMD differences, we measured skeletal changes at days 23 (prepubertal), 31 (pubertal) and 56 (postpubertal) in mice with haploinsufficiency of IGF-I (+/−) and corresponding control mice (+/+). Mice (MF1/DBA) heterozygous for the IGF-I knockout allele were bred to generate +/+ and +/− mice (n=18–20 per group). Serum IGF-I was decreased by 23% (P<0.001) in mice with IGF-I haploinsufficiency (+/−) group at day 56 compared with the control (+/+) group. Femoral bone mineral content and BMD, as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were reduced by 20% (P<0.001) and 12% respectively in the IGF-I (+/−) group at day 56 compared with the control group. The peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements at the femoral mid-diaphysis revealed that periosteal circumference (7%, P<0.01) and total volumetric BMD (5%, P<0.05) were decreased significantly in the +/− group compared with the +/+ group. Furthermore, serum IGF-I showed significant positive correlations with both areal BMD (r=0.55) and periosteal circumference (r=0.66) in the pooled data from the +/+ and +/− groups. Our findings that haploinsufficiency of IGF-I caused significant reductions in serum IGF-I level, BMD and bone size, together with the previous findings, are consistent with the notion that genetic variations in IGF-I expression could, in part, contribute to inter-individual differences in peak BMD among a normal population.

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