scholarly journals Skeletal Development during Childhood and Adolescence and the Effects of Physical Activity

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han C.G. Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Local Mechanism

This paper reviews the growth and development of skeletal mass in youth and the effects of physical activity upon the bone mass in young people. The different methods to measure the bone mass are described such as anthropometrics, radiographics, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, and ultrasound. Two different mechanisms are important for the formation and plasticity of bone: a central hormonal mechanism (with estrogen production) and a local mechanism (based on mechanical forces of gravity and muscle contractions). This local mechanism is closely connected to physical activity patterns and therefore discussed in more detail. Thereafter the natural course of the development of the bone mass during youth is described, taking into account the pubertal stages of boys and girls and also the age at which the maximal bone mass (peak bone mineral density) will be reached. The last part is devoted to the effects of physical activity on bone mass based on results of randomized controlled trials. Although the number of experimental studies are scarce, significant effects of weight bearing activity and high impact strength training programs are shown on the side specific bone mineral density in both boys and girls.

scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density in Children From Anthropological and Clinical Sciences: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette M. Manifold
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Anthropological Literature

Abstract Bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent topic of discussion in the clinical literature in relation to the bone health of both adults and children. However, in archaeological and/ or anthropological studies the role of BMD is often cited as a possible factor in the poor skeletal preservation which can lead to an under-representation of juvenile skeletal remains. During skeletal development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence changes take place in both the size and shape of bones and these changes also result in the increasing of mineral content. BMD can be affected by many factors, which include, age, genetics, sexual maturation, amount of physical activity and dietary calcium. This paper aims to review the clinical and anthropological literature on BMD and discuss the numerous methods of measurement and how the availability of certain methods such as Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can influence the study of bone density in archaeological skeletal collections and also the future potential for forensic anthropological studies.

scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density of the Tarsals and Metatarsals With Reloading

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 766-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kent Hastings ◽  
Judy Gelber ◽  
Paul K Commean ◽  
Fred Prior ◽  
David R Sinacore
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Case Description ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Lateral Column

Background and PurposeBone mineral density (BMD) decreases rapidly with prolonged non–weight bearing. Maximizing the BMD response to reloading activities after NWB is critical to minimizing fracture risk. Methods for measuring individual tarsal and metatarsal BMD have not been available. This case report describes tarsal and metatarsal BMD with a reloading program, as revealed by quantitative computed tomography (QCT).Case DescriptionA 24-year-old woman was non–weight bearing for 6 weeks after right talocrural arthroscopy. Tarsal and metatarsal BMD were measured with QCT 9 weeks (before reloading) and 32 weeks (after reloading) after surgery. A 26-week progressive reloading program was completed. Change scores were calculated for BMD before reloading and BMD after reloading for the total foot (average of all tarsals and metatarsals), tarsals, metatarsals, bones of the medial column (calcaneus, navicular, cuneiforms 1 and 2, and metatarsal 1), and bones of the lateral column (calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiform 3, and metatarsals 2–5). The percent differences in BMD between the involved side and the uninvolved side were calculated.OutcomesBefore reloading, BMD of the involved total foot was 9% lower than that on the uninvolved side. After reloading, BMD increased 22% and 21% for the total foot, 16% and 14% for the tarsals, 29% and 30% for the metatarsals, 14% and 15% for the medial column bones, and 28% and 26% for the lateral column bones on the involved and uninvolved sides, respectively. After reloading, BMD of the involved total foot remained 8% lower than that on the uninvolved side.DiscussionThe increase in BMD with reloading was not uniform across all pedal bones; the metatarsals showed a greater increase than the tarsals, and the lateral column bones showed a greater increase than the medial column bones.

High Bone Mineral Density Osteogenesis Imperfecta in a Family with a Novel Pathogenic Variant in COL1A2

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Lara E. Graves ◽  
Christie-Lee Wall ◽  
Julie N. Briody ◽  
Bruce Bennetts ◽  
Karen Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Osteogenesis Imperfecta ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Low Bone Mass ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Minimal Trauma

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogenous group of heritable bone dysplasias characterized by bone fragility, typically low bone mass, joint laxity, easy bruising, and variable short stature. Classical OI is caused by autosomal dominant pathogenic variants in <i>COL1A1</i> or <i>COL1A2</i> that result in either reduced production of normal type 1 collagen or structurally abnormal collagen molecules. Pathogenic variants in these genes generally result in low bone mass. Here, we report a family that had 2 affected individuals who presented with minimal trauma fractures and were found to have elevated bone mineral density (BMD) and a previously unreported variant in <i>COL1A2</i> c.3356C&#x3e;T p.(Ala1119Val). We report the change in BMD using dual-energy X-ray and peripheral quantitative computed tomography over a 2.3-year period in the proband. This case report highlights the importance of BMD studies and genetic testing in the diagnostic process for brittle bone disorders.

Weight-Bearing Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Density Among Women Using Depo-Provera.

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S533
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Otto ◽  
Richard S. Farley ◽  
Jennifer L. Caputo ◽  
Don Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Depo Provera

scholarly journals Fat Mass Exerts a Greater Effect on Cortical Bone Mass in Girls than Boys

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Sayers ◽  
Jonathan H. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cortical Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Cortical Bone Mass

Abstract Context: It is unclear whether fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) differ in the way they influence cortical bone development in boys and girls. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the contributions of total body FM and LM to parameters related to cortical bone mass and geometry. Design/Setting: We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants: A total of 4005 boys and girls (mean age, 15.5 yr) participated in the study. Outcome Measures: We measured cortical bone mass, cortical bone mineral content (BMCC), cortical bone mineral density, periosteal circumference (PC), and endosteal circumference by tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Results: LM had a similar positive association with BMCC in boys and girls [regression coefficients with 95% confidence interval (CI); P for gender interactions: boys/girls, 0.952 (0.908, 0.997); P = 0.85]. However, the mechanisms by which LM influenced bone mass differed according to gender because LM was positively associated with PC more strongly in girls [boys, 0.579 (0.522, 0.635); girls, 0.799 (0.722, 0.875); P &lt; 0.0001], but was only associated with cortical bone mineral density in boys [boys, 0.443 (0.382, 0.505); girls, 0.014 (−0.070, 0.097); P &lt; 0.0001]. There was a stronger positive association between FM and BMCC in girls [boys, 0.227 (0.185, 0.269); girls, 0.355 (0.319, 0.392); P &lt; 0.0001]. This reflected both a greater positive association of FM with PC in girls [boys, 0.213 (0.174, 0.253); girls, 0.312 (0.278, 0.347); P = 0.0002], and a stronger negative association with endosteal circumferencePC [boys, −0.059 (−0.096, 0.021); girls, −0.181 (−0.215, −0.146); P &lt; 0.0001]. Conclusions: Whereas LM stimulates the accrual of cortical bone mass to a similar extent in boys and girls, FM is a stronger stimulus for accrual of cortical bone mass in girls, reflecting a greater tendency in females for FM to stimulate periosteal growth and suppress endosteal expansion.

Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Women Engaging in Recreational Horseback Riding

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kaczmarek ◽  
Alicja Nowak ◽  
Piotr Leszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Turnover Markers ◽  
Horseback Riding ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Turnover Markers

Background:An increased occurrence of lifestyle-related diseases such as osteoporosis indicates the necessity for taking preventive action, including regularly engaging in physical activity. The aim of the study was to assess the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone turnover markers levels in young adult women engaging in recreational horseback riding and to determine the relationship between training characteristics and bone metabolism indices.Methods:The study involved 43 women: 23 equestrians and 20 age- and body mass index–matched controls. The hip and spine aBMD and serum levels of the bone turnover markers: osteocalcin and collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide were measured.Results:No significant differences were found in somatic features, concentrations of bone turnover markers, or bone mass variables. Correlation analysis of the equestrian participants showed significant relationship between body mass and BMDL1–L4 (P < .05) as well as between BMI and BMDL1–L4 (P ≤ .01) and z-score L1–L4 (P < .05).Conclusions:The study showed no differences in bone mass and levels of bone metabolic indices between groups of women practicing horseback riding at the recreational level and subjects who do not participate in frequent systematic physical activity. No relationship between training characteristics and bone turnover markers were found.

scholarly journals Impact of Futsal and Swimming Participation on Bone Health in Young Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
André Seabra ◽  
Ricardo J. Fernandes ◽  
Elisa Marques ◽  
Miguel Moura ◽  
Esther Ubago-Guisado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Impact Sport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Physical activity plays a crucial role in bone mass acquisition during childhood and adolescence, with weightbearing and high-impact sport activities being more beneficial. This study sought to evaluate the impact of different sports activities on bone mineral density and content in male Portuguese athletes. Seventy adolescent boys (aged 12-15 years) including 28 futsal players (FG), 20 swimmers (SG) and 22 non-athletic adolescents used as control subjects (CG), participated in the current study. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and areal bone mineral content (aBMC) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Futsal players had significantly higher aBMD (lumbar spine - FG: 0.95 ± 0.18, SG: 0.80 ± 0.13, CG: 0.79 ± 0.13 g/cm2, p = 0.001; pelvis - FG: 1.17 ± 0.21, SG: 0.91 ± 0.12, CG: 0.98 ± 0.10 g/cm2, p < 0.001; lower limbs - FG: 1.21 ± 0.19, SG: 0.97 ± 0.10, CG: 0.99 ± 0.09 g/cm2, p < 0.001) and aBMC (lumbar spine - FG: 51.07 ± 16.53, SG: 40.19 ± 12.47, CG: 40.50 ± 10.53 g, p = 0.013; pelvis - FG: 299.5 ± 110.61, SG: 170.02 ± 55.82, CG: 183.11 ± 46.78 g, p < 0.001; lower limbs - FG: 427.21 ± 117.11, SG: 300.13 ± 76.42, CG: 312.26 ± 61.86 g/cm2, p < 0.001) than swimmers and control subjects. Data suggest that futsal, as a weightbearing and high or odd-impact sport, may improve bone mass during childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Boys: Cross-Sectional Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Anna Kopiczko ◽  
Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk ◽  
Monika Łopuszańska-Dawid
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bone Status ◽  
Bone Parameters

Physical inactivity of children can be a precursor of reduced bone mineral density, considered to be a typical problem only in old age. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density in 96 Polish boys aged 14–17 years with varied physical activity (swimmers, track and field athletes, non-athletes) and the effect of bone composition, birth weight and breastfeeding during infancy on bone parameters. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed according to the kinanthropometric standards. Bone parameters of the forearm were measured by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data on the infant’s birth weight and the length of breastfeeding were collected during direct interviews with mothers. The strongest links with bone parameters were found for the type of physical activity and birth weight. Regardless of birth weight, track and field athletes had the most advantageous bone parameters (mainly sT-score prox values). Swimmers with normal or low birth weight had less favourable sT-score prox values than non-athletes. The type of physical activity proved to be an important determinant of bone parameters. Childhood and adolescence are important periods of bone development and increasing the content of bone mineral components, and the bone status in later years of life depends to a large extent on this period. The perinatal period, especially the correct birth weight of the child, not only has a significant effect on general health, but also on bone status.

scholarly journals Diagnosed Changes of Bone Mineral Density and Level of Calciotropic Hormones in Juvenile Hyperthyroidism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhlo Muratova
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Calciotropic Hormones

Abstract In childhood and adolescence, a genetically determined bone mass accumulates, which ensures the strength of the skeleton throughout life. But with thyrotoxicosis, a separation of the processes of bone resorption and synthesis and the formation of sites of osteoporosis and osteosclerosis occur, leading to the loss of 10% of bone mass in 1 cycle of remodeling. Because of the lack of information about this phenomenon, our work aimed to study the state of bone mineral density and levels of calciotropic hormones in children and adolescents with thyrotoxicosis. The study was conducted by 19 children and adolescents with thyrotoxicosis. The control group consisted of 23 healthy children and adolescents. All studies were conducted in the RSSPMCE. Thyroid status, PTH and vitamin D were determined using a closed-type immunochemistry analyser Cobas e 411 Hitachi company HoffmanLeRoche (Switzerland) and its reagents. Bone mineral density was evaluated by dual-energy absorptiometry on a Stratos X-ray densitometer from DMS, France. The results of the study showed that the average value of the level of vitamin D in the group with thyrotoxicosis was 12.3 ± 1.1 ng/ml, against 20.4 ± 6.2 ng/ml of the control group, while its deficiency was diagnosed in 84.2%, and its insufficiency - in 15.8% of pediatric patients. In the group with thyrotoxicosis, the average level of PTH was lower and amounted to 45.1 ± 23.9 ng/ml (p < 0.05) compared with the control (49.2 ± 21.3 ng/ml); hypoparathyroidism was found in 4.9 times more often than among healthy children, and 21.1% showed an increase in the level of PTH. In children and adolescents with thyrotoxicosis Z- index of the femoral neck, lumbar vertebrae and the general body were significantly lower than in the control group. 36.8% of children with thyrotoxicosis have osteoporosis. Conclusion: Thyrotoxicosis in children and adolescents causes a decrease in BMD and majorly increases the development of osteoporosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document