scholarly journals Carbon Leakage Along with the Green Paradox Against Carbon Abatement? A Review Based on Carbon Tax

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Sahin Akkaya ◽  
Ufuk Bakkal
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
Carbon Abatement ◽  
Green Paradox ◽  
Global Carbon

AbstractResearch background: Insufficient global cooperation in carbon pricing against global warming has the risk of global carbon emissions rise because of carbon leakage. The effect of a carbon tax on the present supply of fossil fuels is also valuable in regard to global carbon emissions.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain more insights into the effects of carbon leakage along with the green paradox on global carbon emissions by reviewing the relevant literature.Research methodology: We provide the problem linked to carbon leakage and the green paradox in the introduction. Then, the effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox on global carbon emissions are elaborated separately. Finally the mutual effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox are reviewed comprehensively.Results: It is seen that various factors like interest rates, fossil fuel extraction costs, the fossil fuel reserves to be discovered in the future and carbon tax incidence are equally important determinants in regard to global carbon emissions.Novelty: This study provides an insight into the mutual effects of carbon leakage and the green paradox on global carbon emissions by reviewing the primary literature in the field.

scholarly journals Consumption-Based Accounting and the Trade-Carbon Emissions Nexus in Asia: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Panel Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brantley Liddle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Global Carbon

This paper considers a recently developed consumption-based carbon emissions database from which emissions calculations are made based on the domestic use of fossil fuels plus the embodied emissions from imports minus exports, to test directly for the importance of trade in national emissions. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) alone is responsible for over half the global outflows of carbon via trade. The econometric estimations—which focused on a panel of 20 Asian countries—determined that: (i) trade flows were significant for consumption-based emissions but not for territory-based emissions; and (ii) exports and imports offset each other in that exports lower consumption-based emissions, whereas imports increase them. Hence, all countries should have both an interest and a responsibility to help lower the carbon intensity of energy in countries that are particularly important for global carbon transfers—the PRC and India.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate mitigation strategies in the energy sector on global land use and carbon balance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Engström ◽  
Mats Lindeskog ◽  
Stefan Olin ◽  
John Hassler ◽  
Benjamin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Terrestrial Biosphere ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change-induced damage to the global economy and secure the livelihoods of future generations requires ambitious mitigation strategies. The introduction of a global carbon tax on fossil fuels is tested here as a mitigation strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations and radiative forcing. Taxation of fossil fuels potentially leads to changed composition of energy sources, including a larger relative contribution from bioenergy. Further, the introduction of a mitigation strategy reduces climate change-induced damage to the global economy, and thus can indirectly affect consumption patterns and investments in agricultural technologies and yield enhancement. Here we assess the implications of changes in bioenergy demand as well as the indirectly caused changes in consumption and crop yields for global and national cropland area and terrestrial biosphere carbon balance. We apply a novel integrated assessment modelling framework, combining a climate-economy model, a socio-economic land-use model and an ecosystem model. We develop reference and mitigation scenarios based on the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) framework. Taking emissions from the land-use sector into account, we find that the introduction of a global carbon tax on the fossil fuel sector is an effective mitigation strategy only for scenarios with low population development and strong sustainability criteria (SSP1 "Taking the green road"). For scenarios with high population growth, low technological development and bioenergy production the high demand for cropland causes the terrestrial biosphere to switch from being a carbon sink to a source by the end of the 21st century.

The Hydrogen Economy and Carbon Abatement – Implications and Challenges for Wind Energy

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Carbon Abatement ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Conventional Alternative ◽  
Economic Criteria

Hydrogen is a leading contender to become an alternative to fossil fuel for transport and for heat and power systems. The potential for the integration of water electrolysis systems in land based and offshore wind farms is explored and compared with the conventional alternative – steam reforming of methane. Depending on the specific production technology, hydrogen can displace fossil fuels and so reduce or completely remove the emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This paper examines the principal technologies for producing hydrogen and shows how the eventual choice is likely to depend as much on political and legislative factors as on economic criteria.

scholarly journals Whose carbon is burnable? Equity considerations in the allocation of a “right to extract”

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivan Kartha ◽  
Simon Caney ◽  
Navroz K. Dubash ◽  
Greg Muttitt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Rapid Transition

AbstractCarbon emissions—and hence fossil fuel combustion—must decline rapidly if warming is to be held below 1.5 or 2 °C. Yet fossil fuels are so deeply entrenched in the broader economy that a rapid transition poses the challenge of significant transitional disruption. Fossil fuels must be phased out even as access to energy services for basic needs and for economic development expands, particularly in developing countries. Nations, communities, and workers that are economically dependent on fossil fuel extraction will need to find a new foundation for livelihoods and revenue. These challenges are surmountable. In principle, societies could undertake a decarbonization transition in which they anticipate the transitional disruption, and cooperate and contribute fairly to minimize and alleviate it. Indeed, if societies do not work to avoid that disruption, a decarbonization transition may not be possible at all. Too many people may conclude they will suffer undue hardship, and thus undermine the political consensus required to undertake an ambitious transition. The principles and framework laid out here are offered as a contribution to understanding the nature of the potential impacts of a transition, principles for equitably sharing the costs of avoiding them, and guidance for prioritizing which fossil resources can still be extracted.

scholarly journals Carbon Tax on Three Fossil Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-142
Author(s):  
James Stodder
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Vector Auto Regression ◽  
Price Instability ◽  
Gas Price ◽  
Auto Regression

Carbon pricing will make Natural Gas the last fossil fuel. As is well-known, the carbon footprint of Oil is half-again as large, and the footprint of Coal is twice as large as that of Gas. Price sensitivities also imply that Gas producers bear relatively little of the total tax burden. As a result of the smaller tax on Gas, structured vector auto-regression (SVAR) simulations of a carbon tax show demand for Oil falling, with a rush for natural Gas. These simulations show that a modest ($40 per metric ton) carbon tax can be introduced gradually, avoiding price instability and achieving greater substitution into Gas than a tax ‘shock.’

scholarly journals Dematerialization Through Services: Evaluating the Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair Fix
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Sustainability Policy ◽  
Service Transition

Dematerialization through services is a popular proposal for reducing environmental impact. The idea is that by shifting from the production of goods to the provision of services, a society can reduce its material demands. But do societies with a larger service sector actually dematerialize? I test the `dematerialization through services' hypothesis with a focus on fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions --- the primary drivers of climate change. I find no evidence that a service transition leads to carbon dematerialization. Instead, a larger service sector is associated with greater use of fossil fuels and greater carbon emissions per person. This suggests that `dematerialization through services' is not a valid sustainability policy.

scholarly journals Can biofuels be a solution to climate change? The implications of land use change-related emissions for policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Khanna ◽  
Christine L. Crago ◽  
Mairi Black
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Modelling Assumptions ◽  
Global Carbon

Biofuels have gained increasing attention as an alternative to fossil fuels for several reasons, one of which is their potential to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Recent studies have questioned the validity of claims about the potential of biofuels to reduce GHG emissions relative to the liquid fossil fuels they are replacing when emissions owing to direct (DLUC) and indirect land use changes (ILUC) that accompany biofuels are included in the life cycle GHG intensity of biofuels. Studies estimate that the GHG emissions released from ILUC could more than offset the direct GHG savings by producing biofuels and replacing liquid fossil fuels and create a ‘carbon debt’ with a long payback period. The estimates of this payback period, however, vary widely across biofuels from different feedstocks and even for a single biofuel across different modelling assumptions. In the case of corn ethanol, this payback period is found to range from 15 to 200 years. We discuss the challenges in estimating the ILUC effect of a biofuel and differences across biofuels, and its sensitivity to the assumptions and policy scenarios considered by different economic models. We also discuss the implications of ILUC for designing policies that promote biofuels and seek to reduce GHG emissions. In a first-best setting, a global carbon tax is needed to set both DLUC and ILUC emissions to their optimal levels. However, it is unclear whether unilateral GHG mitigation policies, even if they penalize the ILUC-related emissions, would increase social welfare and lead to optimal emission levels. In the absence of a global carbon tax, incentivizing sustainable land use practices through certification standards, government regulations and market-based pressures may be a viable option for reducing ILUC.

Clean and secure energy for the twenty-first century

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Fells
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
First Century ◽  
Security Of Supply ◽  
Global Agenda ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Technology Solution

“As energy demand world-wide continues to rise, fuelling the expanding economy, the twin problems of security of supply and rising carbon dioxide emissions have risen high in the global agenda. Can economic growth be sustained without increasing energy demand? Is the prospect of global warming and the destabilisation of the weather machine so daunting that a global carbon tax should be instituted? Can renewable energy replace fossil fuel in the next 50 years? Will nuclear energy re-emerge as the high technology solution to our problems?”

scholarly journals PARA ALÉM DA INÉRCIA DE AFLUÊNCIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Nevin
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fossil Fuel Industry ◽  
Indefinite Future ◽  
Fuel Industry

Global warming poses unprecedented dangers to humankind, and it is a product of human activities: Production and consumption of fossil fuels, accompanied by steadily increasing levels of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.  Some of the predicted consequences of warming are already upon us; yet more catastrophic effects will be experienced in the future.  Two behavioral processes operate to maintain fossil fuel use: 1) Delay discounting studies suggest that relatively lesser-valued outcomes (e.g., driving private cars) that are available now are likely to be preferred to the value of a sustainable planet for all humankind, to be achieved in the indefinite future; and 2) ongoing fossil-fueled activities are likely to be highly persistent because of the long and rich history of reinforcement for individuals (e.g., comfort and convenience) and for the fossil-fuel industry as a whole (e.g., jobs and profits). One way to counter that persistence is to tax greenhouse gas emissions, which can shift current incentives away from fossil-fuel based energy toward renewables, even though the ultimate slowing of climate change may be remote.  Carbon-tax contingencies are similar to those employed to treat problem behavior; a successful example of this approach is described.Key words:  Global warming, fossil fuel consumption, carbon tax, delay discounting, behavioral momentum

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