scholarly journals Moving Words

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Savina Raynaud
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Corpus Annotation ◽  
Syntactic Approach ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective

SummaryWe move words and words move us. To describe and explain how and why this happens, the present article focuses on Prague traditions, both on the philosophical and linguistic elements. The semantic and syntactic approach is summarized, as developed by Anton Marty, belonging to the Brentano school, and by Vilém Mathesius, founder of the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as by Jan Firbas, who developed the functional sentence perspective (FSP) into the theory of communicative dynamism (CD). The four Principles of FSP and the four factors of CD are highlighted, together with the related criticism that stems from a systematic work of corpus annotation, a true test procedure for any theory concerned with word order, the interplay between lexicon and morphology, rhythm, intonation and their effects on the addressee’s psychic and emotive processes and life.

scholarly journals Decoding Middle Welsh clauses or “Avoid Ambiguity”

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Axel Harlos ◽  
Erich Poppe ◽  
Paul Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Syntactic Ambiguity ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
Narrative Context ◽  
Free Word

Abstract Middle Welsh is a language with a restricted set of morphosyntactic distinctions for grammatical relations and with relatively free word order in positive main declarative causes. However, syntactic ambiguity rarely, if ever, arises in natural texts. The present article shows in a corpus-based study how syntactic ambiguity is prevented and how morphological features interact with two referential properties, namely animacy and accessibility, in order to successfully identify grammatical relations in Middle Welsh. Further lower-tier factors are the semantics of the verb and the wider narrative context. The article complements recent insights suggesting that subject-verb agreement is not only determined by wordorder patterns, but also by referential properties of subjects.

Late Placement of the Finite Verb in Old Norse Fornyrðislag Meter

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haukur Þorgeirsson
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Syntactic Difference ◽  
Finite Verb

In Old Norse poetry, there is a syntactic difference between bound clauses (subordinate clauses and main clauses introduced by a con-junction) and unbound clauses (main clauses not introduced by a conjunction). In bound clauses, the finite verb is often placed late in the sentence, violating the V2 requirement upheld in prose. In unbound clauses, the V2 requirement is normally adhered to, but in fornyrðislag poetry, late placement of the finite verb is occasionally found. Hans Kuhn explained these instances as a result of influence from West Germanic poetry. The present article argues that these instances can be explained as a remnant of the Proto-Norse word order, and that this explanation is better supported by the data.*

Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch as a Peshat Commentator: Literary Aspects of His Commentary on the Pentateuch

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
German Jewish

Abstract The heart of Samson Raphael Hirsch’s literary corpus is his great commentary on the Pentateuch. In the commentary’s heyday, the German Jewish communities treated it with the reverence traditionally accorded Rashi on the Torah, and it was always to be found on the desks of both scholars and laypersons. Although the vast literature on Hirsch focuses on his life and his doctrine of Torah im Derech Eretz, much has been written about various aspects of the commentary on the Pentateuch, including Hirsch’s approach to the reasons for the precepts, his etymological method, his attitude toward the modern world, his treatment of the patriarchs’ transgressions, and his method as a translator. In addition to these interests, Hirsch’s commentary on the Pentateuch is marked by a fine and well-developed literary sensitivity that comes to the fore in many places. Not only has this not been studied in detail; it is never even mentioned in the various introductions to and studies of Hirsch. It must be acknowledged that the literary elements of Hirsch’s commentary are heavily outnumbered by what can be defined as derash. Still, the extensive attention to other facets of his personality and exegesis has led to the total neglect of the literary aspects of Hirsch’s commentaries and has overshadowed his aesthetic and literary sensitivity. Thus there is good reason for examining this aspect of his work—and that is the goal of the present article. I focus on four literary phenomena that Hirsch addresses systematically: multiple points of view; the designations applied to biblical characters; the phenomenon of consecutive statements; and word order.

scholarly journals Formal Basis of a Language Universal

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-42
Author(s):  
Miloš Stanojević ◽  
Mark Steedman
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Categorial Grammars ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
Crosslinguistic Variation ◽  
Language Universal ◽  
Separable Permutations

Abstract Steedman (2020) proposes as a formal universal of natural language grammar that grammatical permutations of the kind that have given rise to transformational rules are limited to a class known to mathematicians and computer scientists as the “separable” permutations. This class of permutations is exactly the class that can be expressed in combinatory categorial grammars (CCGs). The excluded non-separable permutations do in fact seem to be absent in a number of studies of crosslinguistic variation in word order in nominal and verbal constructions. The number of permutations that are separable grows in the number n of lexical elements in the construction as the Large Schröder Number Sn−1. Because that number grows much more slowly than the n! number of all permutations, this generalization is also of considerable practical interest for computational applications such as parsing and machine translation. The present article examines the mathematical and computational origins of this restriction, and the reason it is exactly captured in CCG without the imposition of any further constraints.

scholarly journals Different Gender, Different Arabic? The Case of Israel

1970 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Torkel Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Standard

The present article indicates that women and men write different Arabic in the Israeli press. These differences are observable in the frequency of main and secondary clauses (i.e. in sentence length and in variation), in word order, in the frequency of clauses containing adjectives, as well as those containing adverbs. We see these differences in the frequency of verbs without any visible noun, as well as in the choice of conjunction and the choice of particle of negating the past. These variations in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are due to the gender of the reader, as is the case with adjectives, where women writers use markedly fewer adjectives than men do, except when writing for men. But the variation is otherwise dependent on the gender of the writer. This alternation is not between grammatical or ungrammatical Arabic. Indeed, both genders write correct Arabic. Instead it is (mostly) a question of choice, of style.

scholarly journals The category of definiteness and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Birutė Spraunienė
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Definite Description ◽  
Formal Expression ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
Tertium Comparationis ◽  
Genitive Case

The paper analyses the concept of definiteness and the semantics and formal expression of the category of definiteness. It also offers an overview of the concept of the category and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics. Definiteness helps solve problems of the referent identification in the course of communication and is a universal semantic/pragmatic category. In languages with a grammatical expression of definiteness and formally marked by articles, the category of definiteness is grammatical. Articles mainly serve as a means of coordinating reference; however, eventually their usage might become wider and the number of functions might increase. As a result, they gradually seep into indefinite contexts. Since languages manifest a varied expression of definiteness, in contrastive studies only the semantic content of the category can serve as a tertium comparationis. It can be broadly defined in the following way: the semantics of definite description is characterised by its referent which is known to the addressee or can be easily and unambiguously identified and is the only one (unique and maximum) in a certain pragmatic set. The semantics of indefinite description is characterised by an addressee who/which is unable to identify the referent and in respect to uniqueness such description is neutral. The expression of definiteness in Lithuanian can hardly be treated as grammatical, with the pronominal morpheme of the definite form of adjectives being the only formal marker of definiteness. Previous research has been fairly scarce in identifying the contrast, distribution and functions of definite and indefinite forms in Lithuanian. For example, there has been no research done when the definite form is obligatory, when it is optional or when its usage is ungrammatical. Definiteness in Lithuanian is also expressed by demonstrative pronouns; and some of them, according to Albertas Rosinas, have become dysfunctional and presently perform the function of definite markers in spoken language. Definiteness also correlates with the functional sentence perspective and word order as well as the opposition between the nominative /accusative vs the genitive case. However, in Lithuanian to finally discriminate between the definite and the indefinite interpretation is only possible by referring to context.

Psychographic analysis of handwriting as an auxiliary method of providing instrumental lie detection procedures.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Деулин ◽  
Dmitriy Deulin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Psychophysiological Research ◽  
Empirical Material

In the present article deals with one of the methods of professional psychological selection, which is able to systematically provide quality ongoing psychophysiological research using polygraphs. Drawing on a polygraph test procedure psychographic analysis of handwriting, the author demonstrates the improvement of the quality of psychophysiological research using polygraphs. This article contains an interesting empirical material, which illustrates the effectiveness of the use of graphology as part of an integrated approach to the analysis of the reliability of the information provided as part of a polygraph test.

Amélioration des mesures des propriétés de consolidation au laboratoire à l'aide du montage perméamétrique

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Morin
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Oedometer Test ◽  
Step Loading

The readings of the settlement of a sample during a standard oedometer step loading test provide the values of the parameters of compressibility and indirectly of the permeability. The present article shows how a very simple permeability device available in most laboratories can be used to determine the modulus, the permeability, and the consolidation properties of the soils. The described procedure shortens the duration of the test and prevents the interruption of the loading required to carry out the traditional permeability tests. Four experimental examples allow the assessment of the merits of the simulation by computer of the test procedure. Key words: consolidation, oedometer test, falling head permeameter, permeability, oedometric modulus, laboratory test. [Translated by the Journal]

scholarly journals Tema-rema struktur og oversættelse

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Anna-Lise Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Related Problem ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Thematic Progression ◽  
Thematic Section ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
Prague School ◽  
Newspaper Articles

<p>This paper demonstrates how the Prague School theories of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) and Thematic Progression can be used to enlighten certain text-relevant aspects of the translation of the sentence. A model is presented which includes a solution to the FSP-related problem of language-specific grammatical word-order rules by means of a mix of parameters that takes care of the bipartition of the sentence into a thematic and a rhematic section. On the basis of the results of a previously conducted contrastive analysis of a corpus of Spanish and Danish newspaper articles, in which the thematic sections have been studied, it is argued that the divergent tendencies in the two corpora as to the realization of the thematic elements and the thematic progression can motivate certain adaptations of the thematic section in the translation process.</p>

scholarly journals Instances of simplified style in ten English translations of Dane Zajc

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Nada Grošelj
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Syntactic Form ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective

The article compares five poems by the Slovenian poet Dane Zajc and two translations of these poems into English. Focusing on the structures which are stylistically marked in Slovenian but neutralised in translation, the article categorises the translation solutions into groups according to how closely they correspond to the original and each other in syntactic form and in organisation of information (the functional sentence perspective), exarnining the instances from each group in detail and deterrnining their relative frequency. It concludes by isolating the three types of marked Slovenian structures which tend to be neutralised in translation: marked word order, structural am­ biguity, and non-basic constructions, including rhetorical devices.

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