scholarly journals Tema-rema struktur og oversættelse

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Anna-Lise Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Related Problem ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Thematic Progression ◽  
Thematic Section ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
Prague School ◽  
Newspaper Articles

<p>This paper demonstrates how the Prague School theories of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) and Thematic Progression can be used to enlighten certain text-relevant aspects of the translation of the sentence. A model is presented which includes a solution to the FSP-related problem of language-specific grammatical word-order rules by means of a mix of parameters that takes care of the bipartition of the sentence into a thematic and a rhematic section. On the basis of the results of a previously conducted contrastive analysis of a corpus of Spanish and Danish newspaper articles, in which the thematic sections have been studied, it is argued that the divergent tendencies in the two corpora as to the realization of the thematic elements and the thematic progression can motivate certain adaptations of the thematic section in the translation process.</p>

scholarly journals Possessive Construction in Russian and Indonesian Noun Phrases: Contrastive Analysis and Translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Tri Yulianty Karyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Possessive Constructions ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
National Corpus

This paper aims to discuss the comparison between possessive constructions in Russian and Indonesian noun phrases. Since both of the languages have different grammatical systems, their possessive constructions may also be different. The differences are discussed using a contrastive analysis approach. However, the similarities between them are also taken into consideration following one of the practical purposes of contrastive analysis, namely, to aid the translation process. The theory employed in this research is eclectic. The research method employed in this research is descriptive method with contrastive analysis model. In addition, for translation analysis, word-for-word and literal methods are used here. The data in this research are collected from the Russian National Corpus and some selected literary works in Russian and Indonesian. The result suggests that there are some structural differences and similarities between Russian and Indonesian in terms of word order, attributive categories, and grammatical categories of the elements constituting noun phrases. The results of this comparison can be referred to in the translation of possessive construction of both languages so that the closest equivalent is found following the rules of each language. 

scholarly journals Functional Sentence Perspective in Translator Training

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (42) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Maciej Reda
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Quality Scale ◽  
Translator Training ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
Prague School ◽  
Problematic Area

This paper highlights the need for raising translation studentsʼ awareness of issues related to the thematic structure of source and target texts. This is a problematic area which significantly affects the quality of translations, especially from English into Polish, the latter having more flexible word order and thus opening more syntactic possibilities. An especially useful tool that may help to address this issue is the theory of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) developed by the Prague School. Despite the fact that it is quite elaborate, it may be trimmed to fit more practicallyoriented translation classes. Based on examples from student translations, the paper shows that such notions as communicative dynamism, context dependence/independence, competitors of the verb, setting vs. specification, Presentation Scale vs. Quality Scale, and potentiality can help trainee translators to correctly identify the hierarchy of carriers of communicative dynamism in their source texts and then make informed translation choices.

scholarly journals Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation

2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Jawaid ◽  
Daniel Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Parse Tree ◽  
Hard Problem ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
European Languages

Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation We investigate phrase-based statistical machine translation between English and Urdu, two Indo-European languages that differ significantly in their word-order preferences. Reordering of words and phrases is thus a necessary part of the translation process. While local reordering is modeled nicely by phrase-based systems, long-distance reordering is known to be a hard problem. We perform experiments using the Moses SMT system and discuss reordering models available in Moses. We then present our novel, Urdu-aware, yet generalizable approach based on reordering phrases in syntactic parse tree of the source English sentence. Our technique significantly improves quality of English-Urdu translation with Moses, both in terms of BLEU score and of subjective human judgments.

TRANSLATING BY FACTORS.Christoph Gutknecht & Lutz J. Rölle. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996. Pp. xvi + 346. $62.50 cloth, $23.95 paper.

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
Sonia Colina
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
State University ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Formal Equivalence ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Professional Translator

Translating by factors (henceforth TBF) is an attempt at systematizing the multiplicity of factors affecting the translation process, in particular those relevant to the translation of the modals between English and German. TBF is an example of the so-called linguistic approach to translation and an illustration of why such an approach has often been criticized by translation scholars and professionals. Although it is useful to linguistics engaged in descriptive and contrastive studies of modals, the predominantly formal, sentence-based, contrastive-analysis approach embraced by the authors (who adopt, without discussion, formal equivalence as the goal to strive for in translation activity) will not be of as much use to those engaged in the teaching and practice of translation for purposes of communication. This is especially true in light of mounting empirical evidence in the translation competence literature that supports functional considerations as a dominant factor in professional translator processes.

Serving two masters

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik De Smet ◽  
Freek Van de Velde
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Free Relatives ◽  
Form Function ◽  
First Case ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Eventual Outcome

This paper examines two cases of so-called syntactic amalgams. In syntactic amalgams a particular string that is shared by two constructions is exploited to combine them, in such a way that one of the constructions functions as a modifier of the other. Typical examples are after God knows how many years (< after many years + God knows how many years) and a big enough house (< a big house + big enough). In formal theories, these kinds of constructions have been insightfully described as ‘grafts’. However, the exact process through which these amalgams arise remains unexplored. When studied closely, these processes reveal form–function friction not fully accounted for by the graft metaphor. Syntactic amalgams typically serve a subjective function and have been recruited for this purpose. However, because they consist of a syntagm that is still internally parsable, they tend to resist full reanalysis. More precisely, their original syntax continues to constrain their use. As such, amalgams get caught between their original syntax, which remains transparent, and their new function, which suggests a new syntactic status. This appears clearly from contrastive studies of amalgams in Dutch and English that are functionally similar but whose use is constrained in different ways due to structural differences between the two languages. Our first case study deals with the Dutch and English amalgam wie weet / who knows. A contrastive analysis of the development of the respective items shows both the conservative effect of the origin of change and the attraction exerted by the target of change. The second case we discuss in detail involves so-called transparent free relatives. A contrastive analysis shows the role of the overall grammar of a language in licensing change, in this case with Dutch word order posing more difficulties to the new focusing function of transparent free relatives. In general, both case studies show the formation of syntactic amalgams to be sensitive to system pressures both in the course of their development and in the eventual outcome of change.

Arabic and English genitive constructions

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Al-Shaer
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
British English ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
Semantic Function ◽  
Intuitive Judgments ◽  
Arabic And English

It is well documented that there is a one-to-many relationship between Arabic and English genitival constructions. However, it is unclear whether, given this syntactic variation, such constructions show equivalence in semantic function. For this purpose, a corpus-based contrastive analysis of these genitive constructions in a bilingual novel is carried out. As a prelude to a quantitative and qualitative inspection of the data, the (non)interchangeability of the alternative English genitives is determined by eliciting intuitive judgments from 10 linguistically naïve native speakers of British English. Quantitatively, the study shows that the Arabic genitive almost covers the semantic functions expressed by the various English genitives found in the corpus. Qualitatively, the study reveals that the flexibility derived from the English genitive variation, as opposed to the fixed word order of the Arabic genitive, allows the speaker to convey additional meaning. However, the Arabic genitive which employs various formal devices such as overt markers of case, gender, number, definiteness and person can express the same semantic functions. These features render Arabic functional with one genitive and require English to vary its genitive relative to certain phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic conditions.

scholarly journals Legendagem: uma atividade na aula de japonês / Subtitling: a classroom activity of Japanese

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-81
Author(s):  
Kyoko Sekino ◽  
Sueleni Vitória Rodrigues Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Classroom Activity ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Japanese Learners ◽  
Cognitive Environment

RESUMO: Este trabalho trata do processo de legendagem para a L1 do par linguístico japonês (L2) – português-brasileiro (L1), realizado pelos alunos de uma disciplina de língua japonesa em um curso superior em 2016. Tem por objetivo a descrição e análise do processo de legendagem, bem como a identificação dos fatores influentes e das mudanças ocorridas durante esse processo. Segundo Gutt (2004), congruente à Teoria da Relevância (SPERBER; WILSON, 1986), o tradutor assume a metarrepresentação da comunicação, entre o autor do texto original e os leitores, por criar um ambiente cognitivo diferente da primeira comunicação. Aplicando-se essa visão para a nossa legendagem, em que cada etapa do processo tem um ambiente cognitivo diferente, a depender das peculiaridades de cada instância do processo, especialmente nesse caso em que os alunos de aprendizagem de japonês realizam a legendagem. Assim, foram identificadas cinco diferentes etapas, a saber: transcrição em hiragana; “semantização” com kanji; tradução da qualidade de rascunho; refinamento de tradução e, enfim, legendagem. Identificamos, após nossa análise, alguns fatores distintos que influenciam o processo da legendagem, os quais são: discrepância na ordem das palavras entre japonês e português-brasileiro; diversidades das vozes no vídeo e familiarização da tarefa por parte dos legendistas-alunos. Os resultados evidenciam que houve casos de inversão de ordem das palavras, encurtamento e alongamento das frases e outras peculiaridades. De acordo com a postulação de Gutt, observamos que cada etapa cria um ambiente cognitivo específico; logo, o produto reflete essa mudança. Concluímos que a legendagem é um exercício profícuo para os alunos de língua japonesa, visto que há várias atividades envolvidas, as quais desenvolvem a capacidade de meta-análise.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: aula de japonês; legendagem; tradução; processo; ambiente cognitivo. ABSTRACT: This work deals with the L1 subtitling process of the linguistic pair of Japanese (L2) – Brazilian-Portuguese (L1), carried out by the students of a Japanese language course in an university in 2016. The purpose is to describe and analyse the subtitling process as well as the identification of the influencing factors and the changes that occurred during this process. According to Gutt (2004), congruent with Relevance Theory (SPERBER & WILSON, 1986), the translator assumes the meta-representation of the representation of communication between the author of the original text and the readers, creating a cognitive environment different from the first communication. Applying this vision to our subtitling process, where each stage of the process has a different cognitive environment, depending on the peculiarities of each instance of the process, especially in this case where the Japanese learners perform the subtitling. Thus, five different steps were identified: hiragana transcription; “semantization” with kanji; draft quality translation; translation refinement and, finally, subtitling. We identified, after our analysis, some distinct factors that influence the subtitling process, which are: discrepancy in word order between Japanese and Brazilian-Portuguese; diversities of voices in the video and familiarization of the task by the student-subtitlers. The results show that there were cases of word inversion, shortening and lengthening of sentences and other peculiarities. According to Gutt's postulation, we observe that each step creates a specific cognitive environment; therefore, the product reflects this change. We conclude that subtitling is an useful exercise for students of the Japanese language course, since there are several activities involved to develop the capacity of meta-analysis.KEYWORDS: japanese class; subtitling; translation; process; cognitive environment.

Morphosyntaktische Variation in Verbalkomplexen des Verbs lassen und der Modalverben im Infinitiv II. Eine Analyse aus der Perspektive von Zentrum und Peripherie

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-134
Author(s):  
Vít Dovalil
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Eine Analyse ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Equivalency ◽  
Verb Clusters ◽  
Prague School ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

Abstract This paper deals with a morphosyntactic variable of German verb clusters containing a full verb and an infinitive perfect of the verb lassen or of modal verbs (gelassen haben, gekonnt haben). The corpus-based analysis draws upon the concept of center and periphery as it was developed by the Prague School. The main research question underpinning the synchronic analysis concentrates on the use of the IPP (infinitivus pro participio equivalent to the German term Ersatzinfinitiv) and the word order of the auxiliary verb within the cluster. In total, there is empirical evidence for four variants in which this variable is realized. Two of them fully correspond to the system of German infinitive constructions (full verb + gelassen/gekonnt haben, or haben + full verb + IPP lassen/können). However, these systemic constructions are used (much) less frequently in contemporary written German than the other two constructions (past participle of full verb + haben + lassen/können, or full verb + haben lassen/können). Whereas the former ones can be counted to the center of the German infinitive system from the structural point of view, the latter ones are classified as peripheral, because they are not derivable from the rules of this system. In spite of that, the paper explores one of identifiable epicenters within the periphery of the system, arguing with the highest frequency and further regularities of the third type of the construction (past particple of full verb + haben + lassen/können). The structural analysis takes the functional equivalency of subordinate clauses and the corresponding infinitive constructions into consideration. This contributes to better clarification of both morphology and word order of the elements creating the analyzed verb clusters.

scholarly journals Thematic and Rhematic Realisations of Key Words in the Functional Sentence Perspective of Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Anelia Brambarova
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Thematic Progression ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
The Way

The article seeks to account for the way key words are picked up for co-reference and whether they are marked as the theme or rheme in the functional perspective of each sentence. A corpus of articles is analysed from major French media. The co-referential chains of the key words are traced to determine the rhythm of the thematic progression.

A metaphorical map of subtitling

Babel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-69
Author(s):  
María Labarta Postigo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
The University ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This study explores the metaphorical dimension of idioms in original filmic texts and their translations in subtitles, in order to shed light on strategies used in the translation process. The research focuses on a corpus of 20 films from the Library of Foreign Language Film Clips (LFLFC), at the Berkeley Language Center of the University of California, Berkeley. More specifically, I analyze films in German and Spanish with English subtitles from a cognitive and contrastive perspective. My goal is to explore how translation can affect understanding and reception by an audience with limited or no skills in the original language. Results of the analysis show a tendency towards reduction of metaphorical expressions in translated English subtitles, these varying according to the original language of the film. Contrastive analysis demonstrates that in translation from Spanish, the explicit meaning strategy is far more frequent than in translation from German. The findings of this study can be applied in foreign language teaching as a means of developing learners’ cultural awareness and language comprehension, as well as in the field of audiovisual subtitling translation.

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