scholarly journals Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rosińska ◽  
Hanna Dorna ◽  
Dorota Szopińska ◽  
Lidia Irzykowska ◽  
Katarzyna Seidler-Łożykowska
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Blotter Paper ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

Summary Introduction: : Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant. Achenes of milk thistle contain sylimarin, protecting liver cells against toxic compounds. Objective: The aim of the research was to find an optimum method of evaluation of milk thistle seed germination. Methods: Ten seed samples were tested. The seeds were germinated: on top of blotter paper, on top of blotter paper after seed disinfection, between pleated blotter paper, in rolled blotter paper and in sand. Germination at the first and final counts, the percentages of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were determined. The correlation coefficients between seed germination, evaluated with various methods, and seedling emergence were calculated. Moreover, fungi associated with seeds and diseased seedlings were identified. Results: The lowest percentage of normal seedlings was observed after germination on the top of blotter. Highly significant positive correlations were noted between seedling emergence and seed germination at the final count evaluated in rolled paper, between pleated paper and in sand. The fungi from genera: Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Verticillium were frequently identified on seeds and seedlings. Conclusions: Infestation with fungi significantly affected milk thistle seed germination and plant emergence. Germination in rolled blotter paper may be recommended for evaluation of milk thistle seed germination, as the most practical and significantly correlated with seedling emergence.

Milk Thistle(Silybum marianum)Seed Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Young ◽  
R. A. Evans ◽  
R. B. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Germination Temperature ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

The germination of seeds (achenes) of milk thistle [Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.] was investigated. One month after harvest, milk thistle seeds had afterripening requirements related to germination temperature that limited germination to 10 to 20 C temperatures. The time required to satisfy afterripening requirements was dependent on germination temperature. Generally the higher the incubation temperature during germination, the longer the afterripening requirement (up to a maximum of 5 months). Once afterripening requirements were satisfied, milk thistle seeds germinated over a temperature range of from 0 to 30 C. Optimum germination occurred with 2 to 15 C 16-h cold periods alternating with 10 to 30 C 8-h warm periods. Emergence of milk thistle seedlings decreased with increased burial depth, but substantial emergence occurred from 8 cm. Germination on the surface of the soil or litter was greatly reduced compared to that with slight soil or litter coverage. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) added to the germination substrate at 1.0 mM enhanced the germination of milk thistle seeds at 2 and 5 C incubation temperatures.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for detecting fungi in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rosińska ◽  
Magdalena Jarosz ◽  
Dorota Szopińska ◽  
Hanna Dorna ◽  
Krystyna Tylkowska
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Rhizopus Nigricans ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Seed Disinfection ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Penicillium Spp

ABSTRACT Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is one of the most important medicinal plants. The fungi infesting its seeds may negatively influence their germination and health-promoting properties. However, there is no standard method for S. marianum seed health testing. The aim of this study was to find a suitable method for the detection and identification of fungi in/on milk thistle seeds. The following tests were used: deep-freeze blotter test, blotter test with an addition of mannitol, blotter test with an addition of polyethylene glycol, agar test on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), agar test on PDA after seed disinfection, agar test on reduced PDA and an agar test on reduced PDA after seed disinfection. Seeds were incubated for 10 and 14 days. The most prevalent fungi were: Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus nigricans and Verticillium spp. A deep-freeze blotter test followed by a blotter test with an addition of mannitol and a blotter test with an addition of polyethylene glycol performed for 14 days could be recommended for the further study of milk thistle seed health testing, as they favoured the growth of the most important fungi.

scholarly journals Chilling of Endodormant Peach Propagules: V. Comparisons between Seeds, Seedlings, and Cuttings

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Frisby ◽  
Schuyler D. Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Accurate Indicator

We determined whether the chilling process (endodormancy release) was similar in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch cv. Johnson Elberta] seeds, seedlings (near normal to physiologically dwarfed), and mature plants (cuttings) by comparing correlation coefficients of various growth measurements following similar chilling treatments. Seed germination (10 days after forcing at 20C) and seedling emergence (15 days after forcing in the greenhouse) correlated highly with leaf and shoot growth (56 days of growth) of seedlings and terminal shoot growth of cuttings (13 days after forcing). The correlations were higher for germination than for emergence. Initial (first season) seedling growth correlated poorly with germination, emergence, budbreak, and growth of seedlings (second season) and shoot growth of cuttings. Budbreak and growth of seedlings correlated highly with shoot growth of cuttings. The abnormal leaf problem, which can cause apex abortion (common with initial seedling growth), confounded correlations with initial seedling growth. Yet, the abnormal leaf problem did not hinder correlations with the second seasons growth. Good relationships between the chilling mechanisms that promoted germination, emergence, budbreak, and growth of seedlings and shoot growth of cuttings existed, but were dependent on what was measured and when the measurement was taken. Germination (forced at 20C) was the most accurate indicator of the seed chilling status for comparisons with the responses of the other propagules.

scholarly journals Fungicide Seed Treatment Effects on Seed-borne Ascochyta rabiei in Chickpea

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiersten A. Wise ◽  
Robert A. Henson ◽  
Carl A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Ascochyta Rabiei ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Laboratory Assay

A chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seedlot, naturally infected with Ascochyta rabiei, was sorted into two lots of asymptomatic and symptomatic, based on visual symptoms observed. A laboratory assay showed 16% A. rabiei infection in asymptomatic seeds, while symptomatic seeds had 73% infection. Asymptomatic and symptomatic seeds were treated with different fungicides to determine their effects on seedling emergence from soil and on ascochyta blight development in seedlings grown in a growth chamber and in the field at Fargo and Carrington, ND, in 2006. The emergence of seedlings grown from asymptomatic seeds was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater than the emergence of seedlings grown from symptomatic seeds in the growth chamber and field trials. Fungicides were able to increase plant emergence from symptomatic seeds when compared with a control in the growth chamber trials. In the growth chamber trials, the treatment with a mixture of metalaxyl + thiabendazole + ipconazole + azoxystrobin was the most effective at slowing the development of disease on plants from symptomatic seeds. This research reinforces the importance of seed health testing and fungicide seed treatments as part of an ascochyta blight management program.

The pathogen of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in the Czech Republic

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 538-544
Author(s):  
Ivana Safrankova ◽  
Kolackova P ◽  
Rutivckova G
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Medicinal Herb ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
The Czech Republic

Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety Silyb was observed in two localities during the years 2011 2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.

scholarly journals Quantitative Determination of the Effects of He-Ne Laser Irradiation on Seed Thermodynamics, Germination Attributes and Metabolites of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Relation with the Activities of Germination Enzymes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
Rashida Perveen ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Yasir Jamil ◽  
Qasim Ali ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Fast Decline ◽  
Seed Irradiation ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Positive Correlations

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of different doses (100, 300, and 500 mJ) of low power He–Ne laser (632.8 nm) irradiation on seed germination and thermodynamics attributes and activities of potential germinating enzymes in relation with changes in seed metabolites. He–Ne laser seed irradiation increased the amylase (Amy), protease (Pro) and glucosidase (Gluco) activities, with a significant improvement in seed thermodynamics and seed germination attributes. A fast increase was found in free fatty acids (FFA), free amino acids (FAA), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), total soluble sugars (TSS) and reducing sugars (RS) in laser treated seeds in parallel with fast decline in seed oil contents and total soluble proteins (TSP). Significant positive correlations were recorded in laser-induced enhanced seed energy levels, germination, activities of germination enzymes with levels of FAA, FFA, Chl, TSS and RS, but a negative correlation with the levels of TSP and oil. In conclusion, the seed treatment with 100 and 300 mJ He–Ne laser was more effective to improve the seed germination potential associated with an improvement in seed energy levels due to increased activities of germination enzymes due to the speedy breakdown of seed reserves to simple metabolites as building blocks.

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