scholarly journals Effects of Plyometric Training on Soft and Hard Surfaces for Improving Running Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Johan Lännerström ◽  
Lina C Nilsson ◽  
Daniele A Cardinale ◽  
Glenn Björklund ◽  
Filip J Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Jump Training ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Soft Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of plyometric jump training on hard and soft surfaces on running economy (RE), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running performance and the rate of force development in orienteers. Nineteen orienteers (11 women and 8 men, body mass 61.1 ± 7.3 kg, age 21 ± 5.8 yrs) were randomly stratified based on sex, age, VO2max and RE to plyometric jumping training (8 sessions over 4 weeks) on either a hard or a soft surface. RE, VO2max and running performance were assessed on a treadmill and outdoor on- and off-trail loops. Moreover, ground reaction forces and force development were assessed during a one leg drop-jump test. The training intervention led to an overall 2-7% improvement in treadmill and off-trail RE, independent of the jumping surface and running velocity assessed. These improvements were not explained by force development during drop jump tests, which remained unchanged following the intervention. The changes in time-trial performance were associated with changes in RE. Plyometric training improved RE with no difference between the hard or the soft training surface and improved RE was also independent of the running speed assessed. Furthermore, improved running performance was associated with changes in RE after the intervention.

The Effects of Aquatic Plyometric Training on Repeated Jumps, Drop Jumps and Muscle Damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 764-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jurado-Lavanant ◽  
J. Alvero-Cruz ◽  
F. Pareja-Blanco ◽  
C. Melero-Romero ◽  
D. Rodríguez-Rosell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Jump Test

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of land- vs. aquatic based plyometric training programs on the drop jump, repeated jump performance and muscle damage. Sixty-five male students were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: aquatic plyometric training group (APT), plyometric training group (PT) and control group (CG). Both experimental groups trained twice a week for 10 weeks performing the same number of sets and total jumps. The following variables were measured prior to, halfway through and after the training programs: creatine kinase (CK) concentration, maximal height during a drop jump from the height of 30 (DJ30) and 50 cm (DJ50), and mean height during a repeated vertical jump test (RJ). The training program resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01–0.001) in RJ, DJ30, and DJ50 for PT, whereas neither APT nor CG reached any significant improvement APT showed likely/possibly improvements on DJ30 and DJ50, respectively. Greater intra-group Effect Size in CK was found for PT when compared to APT. In conclusion, although APT seems to be a safe alternative method for reducing the stress produced on the musculoskeletal system by plyometric training, PT produced greater gains on reactive jumps performance than APT.

scholarly journals Effects of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Plyometric Training on Endurance Running Performance

IUSCA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Greenwood ◽  
Anthony Kay ◽  
Anthony Baross
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Extensor Torque ◽  
And Control

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an 11-week unilateral versus bilateral plyometric training intervention on maximal isometric voluntary (MVC) knee extensor torque, countermovement jump height (CMJ), running economy (RE) and 3-km time trial (TT) performance. Twenty-seven recreationally trained endurance runners (12 females and 15 males) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: unilateral plyometric training (UPT; n = 9), bilateral plyometric training (BPT; n = 9) and control (CON; n = 9). RE, VO2max, 3-km treadmill TT, isometric MVC (bilateral and unilateral) and CMJ (bilateral and unilateral) were measured prior to and after 11 weeks of training (UPT and BPT; volume equated, 20-40 minutes, 2-3 days/week). Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess within and between group differences in RE, VO2max, 3-km TT, maximal isometric knee extensor torque and CMJ. Following 11 weeks of plyometric training there were significant improvements in RE (UPT 5.6%; BPT 4.9%, p < 0.01) and 3-km TT performance (UPT 2.4%; BPT 2.5%, p < 0.01) in addition to CMJ (UPT 12.5%; BPT 14.5%, p < 0.01) and maximal isometric knee extensor torque in the unilateral group (14.0%, p < 0.01). No significant differences in VO2max or anthropometric measures were detected (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences between training interventions (p > 0.05) were detected in any measure. These data demonstrate that UPT and BPT result in similar improvements in RE and 3-km TT run performance in recreational distance runners.  

scholarly journals Comparison of the biomechanical parameters during drop jump on compliant and noncompliant surfaces: A new methodological approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fırat Özdalyan ◽  
Hikmet Gümüş ◽  
Celal Gençoğlu ◽  
Mert Tunar ◽  
Caner Çetinkaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters

Objective: Bilateral plyometric training of the lower extremities has been shown to provide improvement in vertical force production. However, designing a proper plyometric training program and choosing the appropriate surface is critical, otherwise the risk of injury and lower extremity joint pathologies increases. The aim of this study was to compare biomechanical parameters between mini-trampoline and noncompliant surface during drop jumping. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four male adults participated in the study. Active markers were placed on the left knee, ankle and hip joints of the participants. Also, a force sensing resistor was placed under the participants’ left shoes. During drop jumping, the knee joint angles were recorded by the camera while a data set of reaction forces and loading rates were collected using a force sensing resistor. Data were compared with paired samples T-test. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean values of maximum reaction forces and loading rates were greater on the noncompliant surface (p < 0.001). Mean knee joint angles for frame at which the knee angle is minimum and the frames one before and one after the frame at which the minimum value is obtained were similar between surfaces, however, were found to be smaller on noncompliant surface for the remaining eight frames (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that the range of bending values in the knee joint is greater on noncompliant surface compared to mini-trampoline during drop jump. Since the mini-trampoline resulted in lower reaction forces and loading rates, it can be used as an exercise equipment to minimize the injury risk of plyometric training.

scholarly journals Effect of drop jump technique on the reactive strength index

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Struzik ◽  
Grzegorz Juras ◽  
Bogdan Pietraszewski ◽  
Andrzej Rokita
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Reaction Forces

AbstractThe basic drill of plyometric training aimed at improving lower limb power and jump height is a drop jump. This exercise can be performed using different techniques, which substantially affects jump variables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the values of the reactive strength index (RSI) for countermovement drop jumps (CDJs) and bounce drop jumps (BDJs). The study was carried out in a group of 8 male youth basketball players. The tests were conducted using the AMTI BP600900 force plate to measure ground reaction forces and the Noraxon MyoMotion system to record kinematic data. Each player performed two CDJs and two BDJs from the height of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm. The RSI was calculated as a ratio of jump height and contact time. Moreover, the RSI was determined for the amortization and take-off phases separately. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between RSI values for CDJs and BDJs were recorded for jumps from 30, 45 and 60 cm. Differences in RSI values for jumps from 15 cm were not significant. Furthermore, CDJ height values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values recorded for BDJs. Times of contact, amortization and take-off during BDJs were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than the respective values obtained for CDJs. Therefore, the use of the RSI to monitor plyometric training should be based on the drop jump technique that is commonly performed by basketball players.

scholarly journals Effects of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Plyometric Training on Endurance Running Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Greenwood ◽  
Anthony Kay ◽  
Anthony Baross
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Extensor Torque ◽  
And Control

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an 11-week unilateral versus bilateral plyometric training intervention on maximal isometric voluntary (MVC) knee extensor torque, countermovement jump height (CMJ), running economy (RE) and 3-km time trial (TT) performance. Twenty-seven recreationally trained endurance runners (12 females and 15 males) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: unilateral plyometric training (UPT; n = 9), bilateral plyometric training (BPT; n = 9) and control (CON; n = 9). RE, VO2max, 3-km treadmill TT, isometric MVC (bilateral and unilateral) and CMJ (bilateral and unilateral) were measured prior to and after 11 weeks of training (UPT and BPT; volume equated, 20-40 minutes, 2-3 days/week). Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess within and between group differences in RE, VO2max, 3-km TT, maximal isometric knee extensor torque and CMJ. Following 11 weeks of plyometric training there were significant improvements in RE (UPT 5.6%; BPT 4.9%, p < 0.01) and 3-km TT performance (UPT 2.4%; BPT 2.5%, p < 0.01) in addition to CMJ (UPT 12.5%; BPT 14.5%, p < 0.01) and maximal isometric knee extensor torque in the unilateral group (14.0%, p < 0.01). No significant differences in VO2max or anthropometric measures were detected (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences between training interventions (p > 0.05) were detected in any measure. These data demonstrate that UPT and BPT result in similar improvements in RE and 3-km TT run performance in recreational distance runners.  

scholarly journals Vplyv plyometrického tréningu na zmeny silových schopností vrcholových volejbalistiek

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Marián Vanderka ◽  
Martin Kojnok ◽  
Katarína Longová
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Jump Training ◽  
Vertical Jump Height ◽  
External Weight

The aim two groups time parallel 6-week experiment was to compare selected types of plyometric training. One group trained with gradation of external weight loading in eccentric phase (EXP1) and the second group increased drop height (EXP2) during drop jump training. We compared their effects on changes in selected strength abilities. We assessed the level of countermovement vertical jump height (CMJ), standing vertical jump height (SJ) and average force gradient in squat exercises with the knee joint in 90 ° by maximal isometric contraction at intervals of 0-50 ms (RFD50) and 0-200 ms (RFD200). The results showed that in CMJ EXP1 had improved by 1.01 cm (3.5%) (p<0.01). EXP2 improved by an average of 1.78 cm (5.5 %) (p<0.05). SJ in EXP1 average improved by 0.94 cm (3.5 %) (p = n.s.) in EXP2 by 1.91 cm (6.6 %) (p<0.05). In RDF50 the average increase observed after a period of training in EXP1 1.03 N.ms-1 (26.08 %) (p = n.s.) and EXP2 0.57 N.ms-1 (16.39 %) (p<0.05). In the EXP1 RFD200 the average increase was 2.51 N.ms-1 after a period of training (20.91 %) (p<0.01), while on average EXP2 improved by 1.05 N.ms-1 (10.04 %) (p = n.s.). Based on these results we recommend to improving of vertical jump height with a countermovement and force gradient in longer intervals (200 ms) to apply the external weight in the form of small dumbbells in eccentric phase of drop jump training. To standing jump height development and shorter time intervals of force gradient (50 ms) is recommended to use a gradual increase in height of drop in plyometric training.

Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Ormsbee ◽  
Katherine A. Gorman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Miller ◽  
Daniel A. Baur ◽  
Lisa A. Eckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Running Performance

The timing of morning endurance competition may limit proper pre-race fueling and resulting performance. A nighttime, pre-sleep nutritional strategy could be an alternative method to target the metabolic and hydrating needs of the early morning athlete without compromising sleep or gastrointestinal comfort during exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of pre-sleep chocolate milk (CM) ingestion on next-morning running performance, metabolism, and hydration status. Twelve competitive female runners and triathletes (age, 30 ± 7 years; peak oxygen consumption, 53 ± 4 mL·kg−1·min−1) randomly ingested either pre-sleep CM or non-nutritive placebo (PL) ∼30 min before sleep and 7–9 h before a morning exercise trial. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed prior to exercise. The exercise trial included a warm-up, three 5-min incremental workloads at 55%, 65%, and 75% peak oxygen consumption, and a 10-km treadmill time trial (TT). Physiological responses were assessed prior, during (incremental and TT), and postexercise. Paired t tests and magnitude-based inferences were used to determine treatment differences. TT performances were not different (“most likely trivial” improvement with CM) between conditions (PL: 52.8 ± 8.4 min vs CM: 52.8 ± 8.0 min). RMR was “likely” increased (4.8%) and total carbohydrate oxidation (g·min−1) during exercise was “possibly” or likely increased (18.8%, 10.1%, 9.1% for stage 1–3, respectively) with CM versus PL. There were no consistent changes to hydration indices. In conclusion, pre-sleep CM may alter next-morning resting and exercise metabolism to favor carbohydrate oxidation, but effects did not translate to 10-km running performance improvements.

Strength, Power, and Aerobic Exercise Correlates of 5-km Cross-Country Running Performance in Adolescent Runners

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Cole ◽  
Megan E. Woodruff ◽  
Mary P. Horn ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Power ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Cross Country

Relationships between physiological parameters and 5-km running performance were examined in 15 male runners (17.3 ± 0.9 years). Running economy (RE) and blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) at 241.2 m/min, VO2max, velocity at VO2max (vVO2max), vertical jump height and muscle power, and isokinetic knee extension strength at 60°/sec and 240°/sec were measured. The participants’ best 5-km race time over the last month of the cross-country season (16.98 ± 0.76 min) was used in the analysis. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Significant relationships to run time were observed for VO2max (r = -.53), RE (r = .55), and vVO2max (r = -.66), but not [BLa], isokinetic muscle torque, or vertical jump. Identifying the unique strength and power characteristics related to running performance in this age group is warranted.

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