scholarly journals Evolution or regress of the size and scope of global phenomenon of money laundering

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 963-974
Author(s):  
Akad Al-Kasawnih
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Philosophy ◽  
Financial Transactions

AbstractThe challenges facing an international economy in which the importance of the tertiary and quaternary sectors greatly increases, sometimes to the detriment of the primary and secondary ones, in which the financial flows far outstrip the real economic ones and in which the picture of the market participants is changed radically, they are increasingly numerous, more complex and require another type of mechanism to meet them. An almost organic companion of the processes of liberalization of the cross-border economic and financial flows and of the deregulation required by the alignment with the dominant economic philosophy, the non-functionalist one, has been the phenomenon of proliferation of tax havens towards which more and more financial assets flows for decades. These developments are concomitant with the deepening of income inequalities, between states but also within them, with the amplification of the acute lack of resources which can deal with some of the effects of worrying climate developments, with the placing of analysts in the academic environment but also of the political decision makers. of the subject entitled “just transition”. The amplification of the financial transactions carried out through these areas of derogatory taxation, has led to the accumulation of great dissatisfaction among several segments of the company that demand the reform of the economic governance mechanisms so that one can hope to correct the blatant malfunctions and to bring to light and bring to light under the control of civil society of societal deviant behavior from public morality and economic rationality. As a result of scandals of great media relevance, there has been an increasing tendency in international society to take measures, both nationally and internationally, which will help reduce the money-laundering phenomenon. The author intends to analyze the effectiveness with which a series has been implemented and regulations meant to place under a stricter control the evolution of the money laundering phenomenon. The emphasis is on the particularities of money laundering through the Internet and Electronic Commerce because using such a mechanism through the use of electronic financial transfer, the huge growth in the size and speed of financial flows can reduce the chances of detecting the movement of illegal funds.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STERILIZATION POLICY IN CONTROLLING MONEY SUPPLY AND CAPITAL INFLOWS IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Grujić ◽  
Mile Šikman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
21St Century ◽  
General Public ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Money laundering, in its almost 90-year-long history, has attracted the attention of the scientific, professional, but also the general public. Throughout the entire period, the manifestations of this criminal phenomenon, its typology, etiological factors, etc., have changed, but the essence has remained the same: the transformation of illegally acquired money into legal financial flows. Emerging markets are particularly burdened, which is the subject of this paper: identifying, monitoring and proving the process of money laundering with the aim to reduce it in developing countries. In addition, what can be observed in these markets is that money laundering operations are mainly related to those activities where most of the payments are made in cash. Their specificity, that is, the basic motive for execution, is not just a profit, but the aspiration to introduce “dirty” money into legal flows. The aim of this paper is to use the method of description to explain and describe scientifically the money laundering process and to combat this phenomenon with a focus on the characteristics of the money laundering process. In addition, the paper describes the models and weaknesses of this process, while at the same time it respects the standards and specifics of business operations in emerging markets. The result of the paper is that it provides an overview of money laundering in the 21st century in small and open economies, including proposals to prevent and combat this negative phenomenon.

scholarly journals Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Pencucian Uang (Money Laundering) dalam Pandangan KUHP dan Hukum Pidana Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ali Geno
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Legitimate Business ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Proceeds Of Crime ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
As If

<p>Money Laundering is an attempt to hide or disguise the origin of money or assets resulting from a criminal act through various financial transactions so that the money or assets appear as if they came from legal activities. There are three stages taken to " purification" the proceeds of crime in laundring money. First, the money generated from a crime activity is changed into a form that does not or does not arouse suspicion through placement in the financial system in various ways (placement). The second step is to conduct financial transactions that are complex, layered and anonymous with the aim of separating the proceeds of crime from various sources so that it is difficult to trace the origin of the fund which in other words hides or disguises the origin of the proceeds of crime (layering). The last step is the stage where the actor re-enters funds that have escaped their origins into Assets that appear legitimate both to be enjoyed directly, invested in various forms of material and financial assets, used to finance legitimate business activities or to refinance activities criminal act (integration).</p>

scholarly journals Illicit financial flows and the Global South: A review of methods and evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global South ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Illicit Flows ◽  
Illicit Financial Flows ◽  
Domestic Resource

Illicit financial flows (IFFs) constitute a major challenge for development in the Global South, as domestic resource mobilization is imperative for providing crucial public services. While several methods offer to measure the extent of IFFs, each has its benefits and drawbacks. Critically, methods based on the balance of payments identity may capture licit as well as illicit flows, and a method based on macroeconomic trade discrepancies suffers from doubtful assumptions. The most convincing estimate to date demonstrates that individuals hold financial assets worth around ten per cent of global GDP in tax havens. Evidence further indicates that countries in the Global South are more exposed to individuals and multinational enterprises illicitly transferring money out of the country. Further research is warranted on profit shifting out of countries in the Global South and the effectiveness of anti-IFF policies in countries outside Europe and the United States.

scholarly journals METHODICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF ILLEGAL INCOME LAUNDERING

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
Iryna Moіseіenko ◽  
◽  
Iryna Koziy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Financial Monitoring ◽  
High Level ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Due to the high level of corruption, insufficient financial control and monitoring of money laundering operations in Ukraine, the financial system has become a very attractive target for illegal financial activities and illegal financial flows. This determines the relevance of the research in the field of financial investigations, the peculiarities of their organization in the field of financial monitoring. The purpose of the study is to determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of financial investigations to develop practical recommendations for improving the organization of financial investigations of dubious financial transactions. Methods: A normative method of comparative, structural-dynamic analysis of financial transactions monitoring data is used in the study as the method of analysis of financial transactions of money laundering. Results: The indicators of SPFM reports on financial transactions for 2015-2019, a number of financial reports on the risks of money laundering, and data on financial transactions in terms of signs of financial monitoring for 2014-2018 were analyzed. Conclusions. The methodological recommendations concern the organization of financial investigations in accordance with the updated legal norms in the field of financial monitoring of dubious financial transactions. The choice of research methods, the use of practical material on the organization of financial investigations in the field of financial monitoring, recommendations for improving the methodological support of financial investigations are positive aspects of the research.

Who are our owners? Exploring the ownership links of businesses to identify illicit financial flows

2021 ◽  
pp. 147737082098036
Author(s):  
Alberto Aziani ◽  
Joras Ferwerda ◽  
Michele Riccardi
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
Illicit Financial Flows ◽  
High Level

This article investigates the patterns of business ownership in Europe, using a unique dataset on the nationality of 28.7 million shareholders of companies registered in 41 European countries. By means of an exploratory multivariate analysis, it tests whether ownership links between different countries are driven exclusively by social and macroeconomic variables – such as trade or geographical or cultural proximity – or are also related to measures of financial secrecy, corruption and lack of compliance with anti-money laundering regulations. The results indicate that factors other than licit economic incentives explain the international ownership structure of European companies. European firms have an abnormal number (that is, above the predicted value) of owners from tax havens and countries with poor financial transparency, which may suggest the use of holding companies for money laundering and tax evasion and to conceal illicit financial flows. However, ceteris paribus, the number of owners is abnormal in countries where rule of law and the control of corruption are more effective, suggesting that a high level of corruption may be a cost in money laundering activities. The findings contribute to the current international debate on illicit financial flows – as framed by United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16.4 – and can be used by public agencies and private actors to detect anomalies in business ownership and prevent potential financial crime schemes at corporate level.

Illicit Financial Flows: Concepts, Measurement, and Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-86
Author(s):  
Matthew Collin
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Illicit Flows ◽  
Illicit Financial Flows ◽  
The Subject

Abstract There is a growing consensus that the presence of illegal and harmful cross-border financial flows is one of the factors impeding economic and human development. In recent years, a new conceptual framework for describing these “illicit” financial flows (IFFs) has emerged that combines issues ranging from cross-border money laundering to tax evasion. This article summarizes and clarifies recent empirical work in this area. Three types of studies are considered and critiqued: (i) methods of measuring IFFs, (ii) constructed risk indicators, and (iii) forensic studies that aim to uncover instances where illicit flows have occurred. The article discusses the limitations of all three approaches and proposes ways in which the research agenda on IFFs could be reasonably advanced, given the hidden nature of the subject.

scholarly journals How important is the lesson of the correlation between advancing the globalization process and intensifying the money laundering phenomenon?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1267-1276
Author(s):  
Akad AL-Kasawnih
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Hidden Economy ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Numerical Indicator ◽  
Financial Transactions

Abstract It is true that advancing the globalization process generates a numerous negative externality. Such a negative effect is the proliferation of financial transactions carried out at or even beyond the limits of legality and fairness. The author of this study assumes that “the greater the cross-border financial flows, the greater the money-laundering operations and negative impact on the behavior of the economic actors”. The truism related to this correlation must be deeply understood and the lessons to be delivered must be learned in time. Hidden economy is perceived as all incomes generated in legitimate way but not disclosed to tax administrations, as well as activities such as drug trafficking, gambling, smuggling and others. What distinguishes our study is Quantitative and analytical analysis and to draw conclusions based on those results, through the adoption of a digital index on economic globalization, and the adoption of another numerical indicator of money laundering with its components and weights as well. Additionally, a statistical analysis of the relationship between economic globalization and money laundering will be based on “Pearson correlation coefficient” as we are going to adopt one variable (Economic Globalization) as an independent variable and other variable (Money Laundering) as a dependent variable. The KOF index of globalization will be adopted here, and the selected countries as a study samples will be given a ranking from 1 to 15 according to their degree of economic globalization. Results of my research shows that a negative weak relationship correlation between the degree of the economic globalization of the state and the phenomenon of money laundering which is represented by the size of the hidden economy, which means that the increase of the value for the independent variable (economic globalization) leads to the decline of the value for the dependent variable (money laundering).

The dark side of tax havens in money laundering, capital flight and corruption in developing countries: some evidence from Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatunde Julius Otusanya ◽  
Gbadegesin Babatunde Adeyeye
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
The Political ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to assess the role of secrecy jurisdictions in providing supply-side stimulants for illicit financial flows from developing countries and how the tax havens structures shape the role of actors. Specifically focussing on decades of trade liberalisation and markets, and of increasingly rapid movement of people, capital and information across regions and around the globe, the paper draws on the political economy theory of globalisation to illuminate the connections between capital flight, money laundering and global offshore financial centres (OFCs). Design/methodology/approach The paper uses publicly available evidence to shed light on the role played by tax havens in facilitating money laundering, capital flight and corruption. The issues are illustrated with the aid of case studies. Findings The evidence shows that, in pursuit of organisational and personal interest, the tax havens create enabling structures that support illicit activities of the political and economic elites from developing countries. The paper further argues that the supply-side of corruption severely limits the possibilities of preventing corruption in developing countries. Research limitations/implications The paper uses publicly available evidence to illuminate the role played by OFCs in facilitating elite corruption and money laundering practices. Practical implications It is impossible to quantify the volume of money laundered, but it has been estimated that money laundering may account for as much as 5% of the world economy. Social implications The paper, therefore, suggests that unless this supply-side of corruption is tackled there is little prospect for an end to aid dependency and the creation of economically stable and democratic states in developing countries. Originality/value The paper examines predatory practices of the international financial industry in tax havens and OFCs in facilitating money laundering, corruption and capital flight and the challenges posed for the economic development of developing countries.

PERDAGANGAN ETHEREUM DI INDODAX EXCHANGE DALAM PERSFEKTIF SYARIAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Khoirul Umam
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Asset ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Financial Transactions

In view of Islamic law Ethereum as a digital asset that is traded in cyberspace.The value of cryptocurrency surges and fluctuates, it is influenced by buying and selling demand. Indodax exchange is an official digital asset site in Indonesia that trades more than 40 digital currencies.The purpose of this study is to analyze whether cryptocurrency is worthy of value as money having a certain value, and also seen from the Indonesian government through Bank Indonesia has issued regulation No. 16/8/PBI/2014, which explicitly prohibits the use of bitcoin, Ethereum and altcoin for use in financial transactions in cash. So that raises research questions how the cryptocurrency law in the form of coin ethereum in Islamic law. The results of this study explain ethereum has advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages is that users can use exchanges or transactions without a third service (bank), and can be traded at merchandise stores.However, ethereum losses are more frequent, such as fluctuating values each time, not listed as commodities, not watched by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), they present elements of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling) or (betting), which are used for money laundering and purchase of illegal drugs.Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Ethereum, Digital asset

Stages and methods of legalization of criminal proceeds obtained as a result of economic and tax crimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Pyotr Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Internal Affairs

In this article, based on the study and analysis of operational-search legislation, scientific publications, law enforcement practice and the criminal situation in the field of legalization, the operationalsearch counteraction to the legalization of income received from the Commission of tax crimes is considered. The paper focuses on the stages (stages) of laundering, the existing points of view on this account, as well as on the methods of illegal withdrawal of funds abroad. The author of the article aimed to develop scientifically based proposals and recommendations for improving the effectiveness of this type of activity by the territorial bodies of internal Affairs and their divisions of economic security and anti-corruption. It is proposed to put forward and work out operational search versions within the subject of study, as well as to develop, taking into account the methods (schemes) used by criminals to launder criminal proceeds and illegally withdraw funds abroad for the purpose of their subsequent legalization, operational search measures to document their criminal actions. In addition, the author recommends constant monitoring of money laundering methods based on operational and investigative practices. The results and key conclusions formulated in this article can be used in the theory and practice of operational investigative activities of internal Affairs bodies to counteract the legalization of income received from tax crimes.

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