Environmental Attitudes in An Intergenerational Perspective

Abstract Environmentally oriented attitudes and values can be one of the sources of intergenerational tension or consent. Considering that climate change has become one of the major societal themes today, the issue of intergenerational tension or consent in approach to the environment is crucial. This issue could bring about a generational gap. Questions about intergenerational tensions bring us to age influence on environmental values. The influence of age on environmental values has been researched using the European Values Study (EVS) 1991 – 2017 in six countries. The cohort/age period effect is differentiated using cross-country comparison, comparison of age groups and cohorts. The results showed that the differences in environmental values are not affected by the cohort effect; age has only a weak influence. The period effect, the change in societies seems to be the major explaining factor. Great differences among European countries were found and this diversity is much higher than the effect of age.

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A New Democratic Norm(al)? Political Legitimacy Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

The New Common ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 189-195

Author(s):

Tim Reeskens ◽

Quita Muis

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Public Support ◽

Political Legitimacy ◽

Period Effect ◽

Representative Data ◽

European Values ◽

European Values Study ◽

National Governments ◽

Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractThe worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has granted national governments far-reaching political powers to implement drastic non-pharmaceutical interventions to curtail the spread of the virus. For these measures to be effective, governments should be granted widespread political legitimacy. This is established when populations’ expectations from governments are in line with public support for these governments. In this chapter, we investigate changes in political legitimacy during the coronavirus crisis in the Netherlands. Amidst of the pandemic, we collected unique, representative data among LISS-panel respondents that supplemented the European Values Study 2017. We demonstrate that the Dutch public (temporarily) lowered their democratic aspirations thereby longing for strong leadership while simultaneously increasing their trust in the incumbent Government, which, combined, resulted in more political legitimacy. Because of an outspoken period effect, expectations are, however, that this legitimacy will not be long-lived in the new common.

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Trends in the Incidence and Mortality of Diabetes in China from 1990 to 2017: A Joinpoint and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16010158 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 158 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Xiaoxue Liu ◽

Chuanhua Yu ◽

Yongbo Wang ◽

Yongyi Bi ◽

Yu Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Period Effect ◽

Age Group ◽

Joinpoint Regression ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Joinpoint Regression Analysis ◽

Younger Age ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing in China, but the secular trends in incidence and mortality remain unknown. This study aims to examine time trends from 1990 to 2017 and the net age, period, and cohort effects on diabetes incidence and mortality. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates of diabetes (1990–2017) were collected for each 5-year age group (from 5–9 to 80–84 age group) stratified by gender from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. The average annual percentage changes in incidence and mortality were analyzed by joinpoint regression analysis; the net age, period, and cohort effects on the incidence and mortality were estimated by age-period-cohort analysis. Results: The joinpoint regression analysis showed that age-standardized incidence significantly rose by 0.92% (95% CI: 0.6%, 1.3%) in men and 0.69% in women (95% CI: 0.3%, 1.0%) from 1990 to 2017; age-standardized mortality rates rose by 0.78% (95% CI: 0.6%, 1.0%) in men and decreased by 0.12% (95% CI: −0.4%, 0.1%) in women. For age-specific rates, incidence increased in most age groups, with exception of 30–34, 60–64, 65–69 and 70–74 age groups in men and 25–29, 30–34, 35–39 and 70–74 age groups in women; mortality in men decreased in the younger age groups (from 20–24 to 45–49 age group) while increased in the older age groups (from 50–54 to 80–84 age group), and mortality in women decreased for all age groups with exception of the age group 75–79 and 80–84. The age effect on incidence showed no obvious changes with advancing age while mortality significantly increased with advancing age; period effect showed that both incidence and mortality increased with advancing time period while the period trend on incidence began to decrease since 2007; cohort effect on incidence and mortality decreased from earlier birth cohorts to more recent birth cohorts while incidence showed no material changes from 1982–1986 to 2012–2016 birth cohort. Conclusions: Mortality decreased in younger age groups but increased in older age groups. Incidence increased in most age groups. The net age or period effect showed an unfavorable trend while the net cohort effect presented a favorable trend. Aging likely drives a continued increase in the mortality of diabetes. Timely population-level interventions aiming for obesity prevention, healthy diet and regular physical activity should be conducted, especially for men and earlier birth cohorts at high risk of diabetes.

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The Organization of Political Belief Networks: A Cross-Country Analysis

10.31235/osf.io/6s9rk ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Turgut Keskintürk

Keyword(s):

Political Ideology ◽

Political Beliefs ◽

Political Ideologies ◽

Beliefs And Values ◽

European Values ◽

Country Analysis ◽

European Values Study ◽

Item Properties ◽

Cross Country ◽

Mass Opinion

Studies on mass opinion conceptualize political ideology as an interrelated network of attitudes, beliefs and values. Drawing from the emerging literature on belief network analysis, I formalize this conceptualization to investigate different ways of organizing political ideologies among 76 countries. Using the joint dataset of European Values Study and World Values Survey collected between 2017 and 2020, I construct networks of belief correlations and examine the variations in the organization of political beliefs in the cross-national context. Consistent with the theories of social constraint, I find that in countries with high institutionalization of political parties, the organization of political beliefs is more likely to be dense and consolidated. These patterns are robust to a variety of predictors between-countries, and the results are not sensitive to sampling variability, variable selection, or item properties.

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Gender Disparities and Long-Term Changes of HIV/AIDS Incidence Rate in China and the U.S. From 1994-2019: Age-period-cohort Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-113701/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yudiyang Ma ◽

Yiran Cui ◽

Qian Hu ◽

Chuanhua Yu

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Female Gender ◽

Gender Disparities ◽

Period Effect ◽

The U.S ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: HIV/AIDS is a serious sexually transmitted disease with poor prognosis. So statistical data on burden of HIV/AIDS incidence and epidemic characteristics are valuable for policy making and reducing healthcare costs. This study aims to explore gender disparities of HIV/AIDS incidence and relative risks of HIV/AIDS incidence by gender and age groups in China and U.S. Methods: We extracted data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study and compared epidemic characteristic and gender disparities between China and U.S. Then we employed APC model to estimate age-period-cohort effect of HIV/AIDS incidence in both countries. Results: ASIR in China kept growing between 1994 and 2004 then fell to the level of mid-1990s but in U.S. ASIR increased in the past decade. There existed a huge and continuous expanding gender gap in U.S. while it came to widen in China before 2005 then shrunk during 2005-2019. APC analysis showed the age effect and period effect were consistent to the result of incidence comparison between male and female: gender disparities increased with progress of time in both countries and men had higher incidence of HIV/AIDS when they became old in China. Cohort effect indicated later birth groups bear relatively higher risks of incidence than earlier birth groups. Conclusions: large gender disparities could worsen the HIV epidemic situation. In the U.S., disparities continuously expanded meanwhile incidence of HIV/AIDS was increasing, while gap was under control in China and incidence curbed. Analyzing by APC model, besides younger age groups exposed to high risks of HIV/AIDS incidence in both countries, elder citizens in China faced higher risks which implies aging of population may lead another wave of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Therefore, both young and old age groups deserve to be noticed by police-makers and narrow gender disparities should put on agenda.

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Suicide in New Zealand 1957–1986: The Influence of Age, Period and Birth-Cohort

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/00048679109077733 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 181-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keren Skegg ◽

Brian Cox

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Cohort Effects ◽

Period Effect ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Suicide Rates

New Zealand suicide rates from 1957 to 1986 were analysed for age, period and cohort effects. Cumulative suicide rates were relatively stable but more complex patterns were revealed by detailed analysis. There was a steadily increasing rate in young men and a recent increase in elderly men. Reduced mortality rates in equivalent categories of accidental and “undetermined” deaths could have accounted for only a proportion of these increases. A cohort effect was noted in men, with increasing risks of suicide in the young for successive birth-cohorts born from 1947 onwards. In women a period effect was likely, with increasing rates for all age-groups between 1957–61 and 1962–66, followed by a decline recently among all except the youngest age-groups. These trends in women may have been largely due to changes in barbiturate prescribing. In both sexes poisoning declined as a method of suicide, while hanging and carbon monoxide poisoning increased. Firearm suicides also increased in men. The implications of these results for prevention are considered.

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An analysis on the trend of AIDS/HIV incidence in Chongqing and Shenzhen, China from 2005–2015 based on Age-Period-Cohort model

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering ◽

10.3934/mbe.2021346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 6961-6977

Author(s):

Ying Liu ◽

◽

Weidong Ji ◽

Yi Yin ◽

Zhengrong Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Local Population ◽

Age Groups ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Period Effect ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Upward Trend ◽

The Future ◽

Males And Females ◽

Effect Of Age

<abstract><p>This paper elucidates that the AIDS/HIV incidence rate differences exist among different population and regions, especially among the old and college students. Due to the effect of age, the AIDS incidence peak in males aged 20–35 years and 50 years old both in Chongqing and Shenzhen, and the incidence rate and increasing spread in males was higher than that of females under period effect. In the local population in Chongqing and Shenzhen, the incidence rate of males in over 40, below and in the whole age groups are predicted to increase sharply in the future six years, while in females, the incidence rates among over 40-year-old and the whole age groups were predicted to increase as well. The incidence rate among homosexually transmitted patients reaches the peak in the 20–35, the incidence rate of patients transmitted through heterosexual reaches the peak around 50-year-old. Under the effect of period, AIDS/HIV incidence rate of patients transmitted through sexual routes showed an upward trend both in Chongqing and Shenzhen. The incidence rate of patients aged between 41 and 70 years old presents with an upward trend in the future six years. The results show great differences exist in the AIDS/HIV incidence between males and females, therefore it is necessary to take specific measures respectively.</p></abstract>

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Gender differential secular trend in lifetime smoking prevalence among adolescents: an age-period-cohort analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7735-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Hyun Hwang ◽

Soon-Woo Park

Keyword(s):

Smoking Prevalence ◽

Secular Trend ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Age Effect ◽

Period Effect ◽

Survey Period ◽

Cohort Groups ◽

Gender Differential

Abstract Background There has been a gender difference in adolescents’ lifetime smoking prevalence trends over the last 10 years. This study aimed to explain the gender differential secular trend in adolescents’ lifetime smoking prevalence using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and suggests possible causes for this trend, including Korean tobacco control policies during the last 10 years. Methods We utilized the 2006–2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey enrolling grades 7 to 12. Using year of survey and year of entry into middle school, we classified 859,814 students who had ever smoked into 6 age groups, 12 periods, and 17 school admission cohorts. Using APC analysis with the intrinsic estimator method, the effects of age, period, and school admission cohort on lifetime smoking prevalence were analyzed according to gender. Results Overall, there was a similar tendency of all the three effects on lifetime smoking prevalence between genders: an increasing age effect with grade, negative period effect with survey period, and similar pattern of school admission cohort groups. However, compared to boys, girls experienced reduction in the increasing age effect in the 12th grade, consistent and steeper decreasing trend in the period effect from 2006 to 2016, and shorter and lower school admission cohort effect. Conclusions Gender differential response to chronological changes in lifetime smoking prevalence was measured by the APC effect, which affected the gender differential secular trend in lifetime smoking prevalence. Therefore, considering the APC effect could help us understand the trend in smoking rates, as well as the contextual factors that affect it.

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