scholarly journals Host range and host choice of Cuscuta species in Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornél Baráth ◽  
János Csiky
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract - Extensive field studies were carried out in Hungary to get a picture of the host range and host choice of the Cuscuta species under natural conditions.We examined both parasitised and unparasitised plant species and found some aspects in which they are different. Compiling the host spectra of the various Cuscuta species based on herbaria, literature and our own observations, we can say that dodders infest at least 26% of the vascular flora of the country. In our study, the Hungarian Cuscuta species parasitised all plants that had a coverage of more than 25% in the sampling sites.We prepared a list of the most frequent host species for the parasites and revealed the importance of exclusive hosts. The results suggest that the habitat differences of the Cuscuta species can be responsible for the different host ranges. Furthermore, it was found that the reason why dodders parasitise plants from various life-forms in different proportions is not (only) the active host choice, but the characteristic features of the habitats.

scholarly journals Additions to the Vascular Flora of Ontario, Canada, from the Sutton Ridges, Hudson Bay Lowland Ecoregion

2011 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Oldham ◽  
Samuel R. Brinker
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Arctic Plants ◽  
Diapensia Lapponica ◽  
Hudson Bay Lowland

Field studies in the Hudson Bay Lowland ecoregion of northern Ontario during 2010 resulted in the discovery of four native vascular plant species not previously confirmed from the province: Arctic Bellflower (Campanula uniflora; Campanulaceae), Lapland Diapensia (Diapensia lapponica; Diapensiaceae), Alpine Azalea (Kalmia procumbens; Ericaceae), and Alpine Brook Saxifrage (Saxifraga rivularis; Saxifragaceae). These four species are widespread arctic plants occurring in both North America and Eurasia and were found on the Sutton Ridges, a Precambrian bedrock inlier surrounded by the extensive wetlands of the Hudson Bay Lowland.

scholarly journals An updated inventory of the vascular flora of Elba island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelino Carta ◽  
Leonardo Forbicioni ◽  
Giuliano Frangini ◽  
Brunello Pierini ◽  
Lorenzo Peruzzi
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Elba Island ◽  
Island Flora

We present an updated list of the vascular flora occurring on Elba island (Tuscan Archipelago). The list is based on bibliographic analysis and field studies carried out in the years 2006–2018. With a total of 1,098 specific and subspecific taxa currently occurring on the island (including 101 naturalized aliens), plus 67 casual aliens and 16 hybrid taxa, Elba shows the highest number of species among the islands of the Tuscan Archipelago. Two taxa are new for Tuscany: Hieraciumsymphytaceum s.l. and Ophrysexaltatasubsp.morisii; 22 taxa are new for the island, 34 have been confirmed, while 326 were reliably recorded previously by other authors, but not confirmed by our study. We excluded 41 taxa and considered doubtful the occurrence of 87. Life forms and chorotypes are in agreement with the Mediterranean climate of the island. Despite this, Elba also hosts a considerable proportion of Eurosiberian taxa. We detected significant differences in chorotypes and life forms spectra among different geographical portions of the island, paralleling distinct bioclimatic patterns. Despite the institution of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, we are still far from an integrated protection of the island flora. Based on our results, it has been possible to arrange a geodatabase of the flora on the island, useful for its protection.

scholarly journals Understanding mosquito host-choice behaviour: a new and low-cost method of identifying the sex of human hosts from mosquito blood meals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Teltscher ◽  
Sophie Bouvaine ◽  
Gabriella Gibson ◽  
Paul Dyer ◽  
Jennifer Guest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Transmission Models ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases are a global health problem, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths per year. Pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes feeding on the blood of an infected host and then feeding on a new host. Monitoring mosquito host-choice behaviour can help in many aspects of vector-borne disease control. Currently, it is possible to determine the host species and an individual human host from the blood meal of a mosquito by using genotyping to match the blood profile of local inhabitants. Epidemiological models generally assume that mosquito biting behaviour is random; however, numerous studies have shown that certain characteristics, e.g. genetic makeup and skin microbiota, make some individuals more attractive to mosquitoes than others. Analysing blood meals and illuminating host-choice behaviour will help re-evaluate and optimise disease transmission models. Methods We describe a new blood meal assay that identifies the sex of the person that a mosquito has bitten. The amelogenin locus (AMEL), a sex marker located on both X and Y chromosomes, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from blood-fed Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzii. Results AMEL could be successfully amplified up to 24 h after a blood meal in 100% of An. coluzzii and 96.6% of Ae. aegypti, revealing the sex of humans that were fed on by individual mosquitoes. Conclusions The method described here, developed using mosquitoes fed on volunteers, can be applied to field-caught mosquitoes to determine the host species and the biological sex of human hosts on which they have blood fed. Two important vector species were tested successfully in our laboratory experiments, demonstrating the potential of this technique to improve epidemiological models of vector-borne diseases. This viable and low-cost approach has the capacity to improve our understanding of vector-borne disease transmission, specifically gender differences in exposure and attractiveness to mosquitoes. The data gathered from field studies using our method can be used to shape new transmission models and aid in the implementation of more effective and targeted vector control strategies by enabling a better understanding of the drivers of vector-host interactions.

scholarly journals Biological and Host Range Characteristics of Lysathia flavipes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Invasive Ludwigia spp. (Onagraceae) in the USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Angelica M. Reddy ◽  
Paul D. Pratt ◽  
Brenda J. Grewell ◽  
Nathan E. Harms ◽  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Exotic water primroses (Ludwigia spp.) are aggressive invaders in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. To date, management of exotic Ludwigia spp. has been limited to physical and chemical control methods. Biological control provides an alternative approach for the management of invasive Ludwigia spp. but little is known regarding the natural enemies of these exotic plants. Herein the biology and host range of Lysathia flavipes (Boheman), a herbivorous beetle associated with Ludwigia spp. in Argentina and Uruguay, was studied to determine its suitability as a biocontrol agent for multiple closely related target weeds in the USA. The beetle matures from egg to adult in 19.9 ± 1.4 days at 25 °C; females lived 86.3 ± 35.6 days and laid 1510.6 ± 543.4 eggs over their lifespans. No-choice development and oviposition tests were conducted using four Ludwigia species and seven native plant species. Lysathia flavipes showed little discrimination between plant species: larvae aggressively fed and completed development, and the resulting females (F1 generation) oviposited viable eggs on most plant species regardless of origin. These results indicate that L. flavipes is not sufficiently host-specific for further consideration as a biocontrol agent of exotic Ludwigia spp. in the USA and further testing is not warranted.

Moral Issues in Relation to Chimpanzee Field Studies and Experiments

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-625
Author(s):  
Vernon Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
The Right

The ancient Greek roots of two traditions in science are traced. The first, derived from Pythagoras, emphasises continuity of life-forms and respect for animals. The second, derived from Aristotle, divides humans from animals because humans possess reason whereas animals lack it. This gives humans the right to use animals for their own purposes. Primate field workers are closer to the former tradition than the latter, but rarely involve themselves in detailed consideration of animal experiments. With the post-Darwinian awareness of the continuity of all life-forms, it is now known that chimpanzees, in particular, are very close to humans in most respects, and it is argued that their use in invasive experiments is no longer morally defensible.

Transmission characteristics and host range of the clover yellow edge agent

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.N. Chiykowski
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Transmission Characteristics

A disease of clover, designated as clover yellow edge (CYE), was transmitted by Aphrodes bicinctus (Schrank) but not by the leafhoppers Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), Agallia constricta Van Duzee, and Agallia quadripunctata Prov. or a Cercopid sp. Transmission by A. bicinctus, given various acquisition access periods on infected clover as nymphs, increased from 29% for 1 day to 67% for 14 days for females and from 42% for 1 day to 72% for 14 days for males. When leafhoppers were given similar acquisition access periods as adults, transmission ranged from 5% for 1 day to 24% for 14 days for females and from 25% for 1 day to 33% for 14 days for males. Inoculative female leafhoppers, given inoculation access periods ranging from 0.5 h to 96 h, began transmitting with 1-h feeds (29%) and reached a maximum with 96-h feeds (88%). Inoculative males began transmitting with 8-h feeds (50%) and reached a maximum with 48-h feeds (83%), the longest time tested. The average preinfective period for female and male leafhoppers tested individually was 42.2 days and 40.1 days, respectively. Once an insect became inoculative, it continued to transmit until death.Of the 31 plant species in 12 families tested as hosts of the clover yellow edge agent (CYEA). 15 species in 6 families developed symptoms. The most commonly observed symptoms were chlorosis or yellowing of leaf margins and reduction in the size of flowers and leaves. Aphrodes bicinctus transmitted CYEA to clover from eight of eight infected plant species tested as source hosts.

Range extensions of grassland species in southern interior British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2240-2242
Author(s):  
Brian M. Wikeem ◽  
Reg F. Newman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grassland Species

Field studies and herbarium searches during 1983 and 1984 have revealed range extensions of three grassland plant species in the southern interior of British Columbia. These species include Allium geyeri Wats. var. tenerum Jones, Gaura coccinea (Nutt.) Pursh, and Sidalcea oregana (Nutt.) Gray ssp. oregana var. procera C. L. Hitchc. All three taxa were previously unknown to the Kamloops area and Sidalcea oregana is new to the province and Canada.

Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Badii ◽  
M.K. Billah ◽  
K. Afreh-Nuamah ◽  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Fruit Samples

An important aspect of fruit fly management is accurate information on the species and their host spectrum. Studies were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 to determine the host range and species diversity of pest fruit flies in the northern savannah ecology of Ghana. Fruit samples from 80 potential host plants (wild and cultivated) were collected and incubated for fly emergence; 65 (81.5%) of the plant species were positive to fruit flies. From records in Africa, 11 plant species were reported to be new hosts to the African invader fly,Bactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005). This study documented the first records ofDacus ciliatus(Loew) andTrirhithrum nigerrimum(Bezzi) in northern Ghana although both species have been previously reported in other parts of the country. Infestation byB. invadenswas higher in the cultivated fruits;Ceratitis cosyradominated in most wild fruits. Cucurbitaceae were mainly infested by three species ofDacusandBactroceracucurbitae, a specialized cucurbit feeder. Among the commercial fruit species, the highest infestations were observed in mango, tomato, sweet pepper and watermelon, whereas marula plum, soursop, tropical almond, sycamore fig, African peach, shea nut, persimmon, icacina and albarillo dominated the wild host flora. The widespread availability of host plants and the incidence of diverse fly species in the ecology call for particular attention to their impact on commercial fruits and the development of sustainable management strategies against these economically important pests in Ghana.

A Diagnosis of Urban Poor Housing in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Iftekhar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Housing Supply ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Key Factor

This paper presents concepts important for understanding urban poor housing in Vietnam, with a focus on key environmental, socio-economic, and cultural dimensions that bear on the housing sector. The paper draws on extensive field studies and presents a diagnosis of the context of and prospects for housing of the urban poor in Vietnam's two main cities: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. While the literature on this theme is scanty, it points to the market-orientated economic reforms initiated in the 1980s as a key factor in creating imbalance in the housing supply. Recognising the current challenges in balancing affordability and sustainability, the study explores Vietnam's lack of adequate and affordable housing and the problems faced by the urban poor in accessing adequate housing.

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