scholarly journals Glutamine as a Feed Supplement for Piglets: a Review / Glutamina jako dodatek do paszy dla prosiąt: przegląd

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Hanczakowska ◽  
Barbara Niwińska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleotides ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Purine And Pyrimidine Nucleotides ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Weaning is a crucial moment in a piglet’s life. It is characterized by a generally low nutrient intake and adverse changes in the small intestinal mucosa. Proper feeding is therefore necessary to ensure normal development of the gastrointestinal tract. One substance that could provide intestinal epithelial cells with necessary energy is the amino acid glutamine. It improves epithelium structure and accelerates the growth of intestinal villi in which nutrients are absorbed, thus improving feed utilization and growth performance in piglets. The effect of glutamine on intestinal microflora also improves animal health. In addition to liver and kidneys, small intestine is the main site of glutamine metabolism, which leads to the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and of the important antioxidant glutathione. Glutamine is also a precursor for the synthesis of proline and arginine, the components of body proteins. Glutamine downregulates the expression of genes responsible for oxidative stress and immune activation, and increases the expression of genes that are necessary for cell growth and removal of oxidants. Due to these properties, glutamine is considered an essential amino acid in diets for weaned piglets.

scholarly journals Hydrocortisone induces changes in gene expression and differentiation in immature human enterocytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. G425-G432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Lu ◽  
Tiantian Li ◽  
Graham Williams ◽  
Elizabeth Petit ◽  
Mark Borowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Tight Junction Formation ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Small Intestinal

It is known that functional maturation of the small intestine occurring during the weaning period is facilitated by glucocorticoids (such as hydrocortisone, HC), including an increased expression of digestive hydrolases. However, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood, particularly in the human gut. Here we report a microarray analysis of HC-induced changes in gene expression in H4 cells (a well-characterized human fetal small intestinal epithelial cell line). This study identified a large number of HC-regulated genes, some involved in metabolism, cell cycle regulation, cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix communication. HC also regulates the expression of genes important for cell maturation such as development of cell polarity, tight junction formation, and interactions with extracellular matrices. Using human small intestinal xenografts, we also show that HC can regulate the expression of genes important for intestinal epithelial cell maturation. Our dataset may serve as a useful resource for understanding and dissecting the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell maturation.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical and biochemical demonstration of the change in glycolipid composition of the intestinal epithelial cell surface in mice in relation to epithelial cell differentiation and bacterial association.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Umesaki
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Microvillus Membrane ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Asialo Gm1 ◽  
Crypt Cells

We have previously demonstrated the appearance of fucosyl asialo-GM1 (FGA1) in the small-intestinal epithelial cells of germ-free mice via the induction of GDP-fucose: asialo-GM1 (GA1) alpha(1 leads to 2) fucosyltransferase (FT) after the conventionalization of these animals (Umesaki Y, Sakata T, Yajima T: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 105:439, 1982). The present study, based on this earlier work, demonstrates the changes in the glycolipid antigens of the small-intestinal epithelial-cell membrane as shown immunohistochemically with specific antibodies raised against asialo GM1 (GA1) and FGA1. In germ-free mice, GA1 was localized both in the villus cells and in the crypt cells. In the process of conventionalization, FGA1 appeared in the villus cells while the GA1 content of these cells was decreased. Four to 5 days after the conventionalization procedure, the fluorescence produced by anti-FGA1 was strongest in the villus cells, while that produced by anti-GA1 was detected only in the crypt cells. At this same time the FT activity of the small-intestinal mucosa was highest, with most of the GA1 apparently being converted into FGA1, as shown in the paper cited above. Thereafter, the GA1 content of both the villus and crypt cells again increased greatly. On the other hand, the fluorescence produced with anti-FGA1 decreased, and could no longer be detected 14 days after conventionalization. The activity of FT, measured biochemically in epithelial cells differentially isolated from the villus tip to the crypt, was greater in the villus than in the crypt region. This confirmed the intense staining with anti-FGA1 that was seen in villus cells. The fluorescence produced by the two anti-glycolipid antibodies used in the study distributed not only in the microvillus membrane but also to some extent in the basolateral membrane. The localization of the respective glycolipids contrasted with that of the glycoprotein sucrase--isomaltase enzyme complex, the fluorescence of which was exclusively confined to the microvillus-membrane side of the villus cells.

Effect of grapeseed procyanidins on small intestinal mucosa morphology and small intestinal development in weaned piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (16) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
Huishi Yan ◽  
Wenwei Gao ◽  
Qinghong Li ◽  
Hongquan Li ◽  
Ruirong Hao
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Small Intestinal

Context Grapeseed procyanidins (GSP) are widely recognised to have potential biological properties, and dietary supplementation with GSP could reduce diarrhoea incidence in weaned piglets. Aims This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of GSP on small intestinal mucosa morphology and small intestinal development in weaned piglets. Methods Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly allocated into four dietary groups with three replicate pens per group and six piglets per pen. Each group received one of the following diets: a basal maize–soybean meal diet; or basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 or 150 mg GSP/kg. Small intestinal mucosa morphology and the expression of genes involved in improving small intestinal development were determined. Key results Morphological observations obtained by optical microscopy showed that the villus height of the duodenum and ileum increased in all groups receiving GSP, significantly (P < 0.05) so in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg compared with the control group. Crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum in the groups receiving 100 and 150 mg GSP/kg decreased compared with the control group. Similarly, the crypt depth of the jejunum in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered. Moreover, the villus height/crypt depth ratio of each small intestinal segment in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg increased significantly (P < 0.01). Morphological observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy indicated that dietary supplementation with GSP was favourable for growth of small intestinal villi. Specifically, the villi of the small intestine in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg were most closely aligned, most uniform in size and clearest in structure. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with GSP increased the expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor in the duodenum, the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg showing a significant (P < 0.05) increase. Conclusions Dietary supplementation with GSP could improve small intestinal mucosa morphology and promote small intestinal development. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg GSP/kg could be recommended for weaned piglets. Implications Dietary supplementation with GSP generated a beneficial role in small intestinal health in weaned piglets.

Primary culture of salamander intestinal epithelial cells from nests: whole cell Na+ currents induced by valine

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. G59-G66
Author(s):  
J. F. White
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Small Intestinal

Methods are described for isolating the cell nests, subepithelial clusters of germinative cells, from salamander intestinal mucosa and for growing the nests in culture into polarized monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells. Cells were viable in culture for up to 3 wk. The capacity of the monolayer cells to engage in membrane transport was evaluated using the patch-clamp technique in the whole cell mode. L-Valine (25 mM) induced an inward current in small intestinal cells of 25.8 +/- 5.7 pA and depolarized the cell membrane 14.5 +/- 1.6 mV. L-Alanine and L-phenylalanine were similarly effective, whereas D-valine was ineffective. The Km of the transporter for valine was 90 mM. Replacement of bath Na with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane eliminated the inward current induced by valine. The basal (solute-independent) inward current was also reduced by Na+ replacement. Glucose did not induce a Na+ current. In contrast to the effect of valine on small intestinal cells, large intestinal cells were unresponsive to valine. It is concluded that the cultured small intestinal cells possess Na-amino acid but not Na-sugar cotransport. This profile of behavior is characteristic of undifferentiated small intestinal cells. Primary cultures of salamander small intestinal cells should be useful for studying enterocyte function and the developmental biology of the small intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals The Production of the Oral Mucosa of Antiendomysial and Anti—Tissue-Transglutaminase Antibodies in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2385-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Compilato ◽  
Giuseppina Campisi ◽  
Luca Pastore ◽  
Antonio Carroccio
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Tissue Transglutaminase ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Small Intestinal

Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong, T cell—mediated enteropathy, triggered by the ingestion of gluten and related prolamins in genetically susceptible subjects, resulting in minor intestinal mucosal injury, including villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis, and subsequent nutrient malabsorption. Although serological tests for antiendomysial (EMA) and anti—tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) autoantibodies are used to screen and follow up on patients with CD, diagnostic confirmation is still based on the histological examination of the small intestinal mucosa. Although the small intestinal mucosa is the main site of the gut involved in CD, other mucosal surfaces (such as gastric, rectal, ileal, and esophageal) belonging to the gastrointestinal tract and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) can also be involved. A site that could be studied less invasively is the mouth, as it is the first part of the gastrointestinal system and a part of the GALT. Indeed, not only have various oral ailments been reported as possible atypical aspects of CD, but it has been also demonstrated that inflammatory changes occur after oral supramucosal application and a submucosal injection of gliadin into the oral mucosa of CD patients. However, to date, only two studies have assessed the capacity of the oral mucosa of untreated CD patients to EMA and anti-tTG antibodies. In this paper, we will review studies that evaluate the capacity of the oral mucosa to produce specific CD autoantibodies. Discrepancies in sensitivity from the two studies have revealed that biopsy is still not an adequate procedure for the routine diagnostic purposes of CD patients, and a more in-depth evaluation on a larger sample size with standardized collection and analysis methods is merited. However, the demonstration of immunological reactivity to the gluten ingestion of the oral mucosa of CD, in terms of IgA EMA and anti-tTG production, needs to be further evaluated in order to verify whether the oral mucosa is colonized by lymphocytes activated in the intestine or if gluten could stimulate naïve lymphocytes directly in the oral mucosa. This would have important implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CD.

Histopathology of the small intestinal mucosa in Nematodirus spathiger infection in rabbits

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hoste ◽  
S. Mallet ◽  
G. Fort
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Adaptive Process ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Proximal Intestine

AbstractRabbits were experimentally infected with two levels (5000 and 17000) infective larvae of Nematodirus spathiger. Histological (villus length, mucosa to serosa ratio, crypt surface) and biochemical (protein content, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities) measurements relating to the small intestinal mucosa were examined along the entire length of the organ. In the proximal intestine, the presence of worms was associated with villus abrasion, increased crypt surface and decreased alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities. Conversely, beyond the main Site of infection in the distal small intestine, some signs of hypertrophied villi and crypts were noted without any changes in enzyme activities. These distal variations were similar to those previously described in experimental Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections of rabbits. These results tend to confirm the use of the rabbit as an experimental model to study Nematodirus infection. They also suggest that the distal adaptive process in the nematode-parasitized small intestine could occur independently of the worm species.

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