scholarly journals Do Individual Risk Attitudes, Experience, and Organizational Culture Influence the Conservatism of Indonesian Auditors?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agus Fredy Maradona
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Professional Experiences ◽  
Culture Influence ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Auditor Conservatism

This study examines the effects of individual risk attitudes, professional experiences, and organizational cultures on auditor conservatism in Indonesia. On the basis of a factorial survey involving 153 auditors in three major cities in Indonesia (Jakarta, Surabaya, and Denpasar), this study finds strong evidence that, compared with others, auditors with a lower tendency to take risks and those who have less professional experience tend to be more conservative when performing audit tasks. Nonetheless, this study does not find evidence of the influence of organizational culture on auditor conservatism. Overall, the findings of this study could be of interest to professional associations, regulatory bodies, and other policymakers in Indonesia and other countries as they attempt to constrain aggressive reporting through high-quality independent audits by public accountants in their jurisdictions. Keywords: Auditor conservatism, risk attitude, experience, organisational culture, auditing standards

scholarly journals Impact of Personality Traits and Demographic Factors on Risk Attitude

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110669
Author(s):  
Antonín Pavlíček ◽  
Aneta Bobenič Hintošová ◽  
František Sudzina
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Uncertainty

Numerous studies recently have explored how personality traits, risk attitudes and gender interact, with ambiguous results for different environmental and cultural contexts. To contribute to the existing literature, this study tests the relationship of individual risk attitudes with personality traits, and other variables, in the Czech Republic using the validated Czech version of the Big Five Inventory instrument. The results of an ordinal logistic regression show that risk aversion relates positively to neuroticism and negatively to extraversion and openness to experience. Furthermore, compared with women, men tend to be less risk averse. This study contributes to a better understanding of the influence of personality traits and demographic factors on risk attitude in the context of a culture with high uncertainty avoidance.

Principal operators' farm risk attitudes in hot and cold climates

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zia Wahdat ◽  
Michael Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Ordered Logit ◽  
Climate Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government

PurposeThe study investigates whether there is an association between climate types and farm risk attitudes of principal operators.Design/methodology/approachThe study exploits temperature variation in the diverse climate types across the US and defines hot- and cold-climate states. Ordered logit and generalized ordered logit models are used to model principal operators' farm risk attitudes, which are measured on a Likert scale. The study uses two datasets. The first dataset is a 2017 survey of US large commercial producers (LCPs). The second dataset provides a Köppen-Geiger climate classification of the US at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin for a 25-year period (1986–2010).FindingsThe study finds that principal operators in hot-climate states are 4–5% more likely to have a higher willingness to take farm risk compared to principal operators in cold-climate states.Research limitations/implicationsIt is likely that farm risk mitigation decisions differ between hot- and cold-climate states. For instance, the authors show that corn acres' enrollment in federal crop insurance and computers' usage for farm business are pursued more intensely in cold-climate states than in hot-climate states. A differentiation of farm risk attitude by hot- and cold-climate states may help agribusiness, the government and economists in their farm product offerings, farm risk management programs and agricultural finance models, respectively.Originality/valueBased on Köppen-Geiger climate classification, the study introduces hot- and cold-climate concepts to understand the relationship between climate types and principal operators' farm risk attitudes.

scholarly journals Reward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1621-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
John P. O'Doherty ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Wolfram Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Value Coding

When deciding between different options, individuals are guided by the expected (mean) value of the different outcomes and by the associated degrees of uncertainty. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain activations coding the key decision parameters of expected value (magnitude and probability) separately from uncertainty (statistical variance) of monetary rewards. Participants discriminated behaviorally between stimuli associated with different expected values and uncertainty. Stimuli associated with higher expected values elicited monotonically increasing activations in distinct regions of the striatum, irrespective of different combinations of magnitude and probability. Stimuli associated with higher uncertainty (variance) elicited increasing activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Uncertainty-related activations covaried with individual risk aversion in lateral orbitofrontal regions and risk-seeking in more medial areas. Furthermore, activations in expected value-coding regions in prefrontal cortex covaried differentially with uncertainty depending on risk attitudes of individual participants, suggesting that separate prefrontal regions are involved in risk aversion and seeking. These data demonstrate the distinct coding in key reward structures of the two basic and crucial decision parameters, expected value, and uncertainty.

Research ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-82
Author(s):  
Aaron Williamon ◽  
Jane Ginsborg ◽  
Rosie Perkins ◽  
George Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Ethical Research ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Music Research ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Selection Of

Chapter 3 of Performing Music Research explores the guiding principles on which ethical codes are based. These can be summarized as follows: people should not be harmed, nor their rights and dignity compromised, and research must be of scientific value and carried out with integrity. These issues must be considered and addressed in the earliest stages of research and in light of the potential benefits of the findings of the research to society. The chapter reflects on the philosophical underpinnings of ethical research and outlines the process whereby ethical approval is typically sought and obtained, with reference to a selection of codes of research ethics published by professional associations and regulatory bodies that guide and inform research activity.

scholarly journals Scenario Analysis of Initial Water-Rights Allocation to Improve Regional Water Productivities

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tienan Li ◽  
Xueting Zeng ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Xiangmin Kong ◽  
Junlong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Model Based

In this study, an initial water-rights allocation (IWRA) model is proposed for adjusting the traditional initial water-rights empowerment model based on previous water intake permits, with the aim of improving the productivity of water resources under population growth and economic development. A stochastic scenario with Laplace criterion mixed fuzzy programming (SSLF) is developed into an IWRA model to deal with multiple uncertainties and complexities, which includes dynamic water demand, changing water policy, adjusted tradable water rights, the precise risk attitude of policymakers, development of the economy, and their interactions. SSLF not only deals with fuzziness in probability distributions with high satisfaction degrees, but also reflects the risk attitudes of policymakers with the Laplace criterion, which can handle the probability of scenario occurrence under the supposition of no data available. The developed IWRA model with the SSLF method is applied to a practical case in an alpine region of China. The results of adjusted initial water rights, optimal water-right allocation, changed industrial structure, and system benefits under various scenarios associated with risk attitudes and water productivity improvement were obtained and analyzed. It was found that the current initial water-rights allocation scheme based on previous intake water permits is not efficient, and this can be modified by the IWRA model. Based on the strategies of drinking safety and ecological security, the main tradeoff between agricultural and industrial water rights can facilitate optimization of the current initial water-rights allocation. This can assist policymakers in producing an effective plan to promote water productivity and water resource management in a robust and reliable manner.

scholarly journals Personalizing professionalism: The professional identity experiences of LIS graduates in non-library roles

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Fraser-Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Professional Experiences ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Wide Range

This grounded theory project asked: “How do Library and Information Science (LIS) graduates in non-library roles experience professional identity?” This is an important question for current LIS practitioners and students because job opportunities are increasingly available in non-library work settings. There is limited research available on the professional identity experiences of LIS graduates in general and even less available on the professional experiences of LIS graduates in non-library roles. The study produced the theory of Personalizing Professionalism which found that individuals possess two identities which interact with each other throughout one’s career. The first is an internal appraisal of self which represents an individual’s assessment of who they “really” are as a professional. The second is an externally expressed identity, which represents who that individual presents him or herself to be. Interactions with others impact individuals’ internal appraisal of self and externally expressed identity and represent an area of potential conflict. This study contributes to the research literature on professional identity and identity formation and expression. For the LIS community, understanding how these professionals experience professional identity can help practitioners, educators, and professional associations to take advantage of a wide range of employment options.

German farmers’ acceptance of subsidized insurance associated with reduced direct payments

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Möllmann ◽  
Marius Michels ◽  
Oliver Musshoff
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Payments ◽  
The Right

Purpose The outstanding reform of the Common Agriculture Policy allows for changes regarding its most criticized component, the direct payment scheme. The purpose of this paper is to investigate farmers’ acceptance of subsidized whole farm income insurance (WFI) and single-crop, multi-peril revenue insurance (RI) that are associated with a reduction of direct payments. Design/methodology/approach By applying a generalized multinomial logit model on data of a discrete choice experiment, German farmers’ preferences, expressed as their willingness to pay (WTP), for WFI and RI are revealed. Findings The results show a positive WTP for WFI and RI. The average farmer has a higher WTP for WFI than for RI. By increasing the coverage level, the negative influence of a reduction of direct payments on WTP for insurance can be compensated. Individual risk attitude and assessed importance of direct payments for the farm business show a statistically significant influence on the WTP. Practical implications The results suggest that, even if direct payments were abolished in order to subsidize WFI or RI, German farmers’ WTP for both insurance products would remain positive. However, to finally assess whether subsidizing insurance is the right means of providing public support, it is necessary to assess whether farmers’ WTP meets the costs for such an insurance scheme. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating German farmers’ WTP for WFI and RI using an experimental approach by explicitly considering the partial to complete replacement of direct payments by subsidized insurance.

scholarly journals Measuring Individual Risk Attitudes when Preferences are Imprecise

2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (576) ◽  
pp. 569-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Loomes ◽  
Ganna Pogrebna
Keyword(s):  
Individual Risk ◽  
Risk Attitudes

Analysis of Disaster Risk Attitudes in Situation Awareness

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1514-1518
Author(s):  
Martin G. Helander ◽  
Halimahtun M. Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
And Gender

Most research on disaster use a social vulnerability approach. Social vulnerability to disaster is dynamic process that is rooted in culture, gender, ethnicity, age and other power relationships. This assumes that disasters are effects of human constructs due to their use of natural and built environments. Disaster risk is socially distributed in ways that reflect social divisions existing in society. Hence, our study investigated the effects of cultural groups and gender on risk attitudes for two types of disasters, namely natural and human-induced disasters. Risk attitude in this study is a summative of five components: risk identification, cognition, affect, trust and behavior. There were significant differences in risk attitudes between cultural groups, namely, Malaysian and Indonesian, and genders at three levels of situation awareness: perception, comprehension and projection. In addition, the study revealed utility of using attitudes and experience of disasters in psycho-cultural analysis of social vulnerabilities.

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