scholarly journals Nord-Oriented Burial on the Muslim Burial Ground in Bulgar and the Issue of Interpretation of Iron Cones

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (34) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Ilgizar R. Gazimzyanov ◽  
◽  
Igor I. Dryemov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Metal Vessels ◽  
Made In

The burial of a nomad woman with the northern orientation on a Moslem burial ground of the second half of the 14th and early 15th centuries was found in Bulgar (burial 4, excavation CXXXIV). The findings from this burial are analyzed in the paper. Four beads of multicolored pasta, a knife, a bronze mirror and eight iron hollow cones were found in the grave. 37 burials with cones are taken into account as belonged to the Golden Horde population. Most of them were buried according to the Mongolian burial tradition with the northern orientation. These objects were found in burials with orientations of the northern direction (65%), as well as western (22%) and eastern ones (13%). Usually, the cones have been revealed within the vessels, flats or near them. The cones are associated with Buddhist religion and are used for making tsatsa. Tsatsa was made in rituals during funeral rites. The vessels might contain sacred ingredients in order to add them into the clay. The flats and fragments of metal vessels were used for aromatic smoking scars or as stands in the manufacture of tsatsa. On the author’s opinion, appearance of the iron cones in the Golden Horde burial complexes may be associated with the spread of Buddhism among the Mongols.

scholarly journals THE SPECIFICITY OF THE CERAMIC COMPLEXES ISOLATED BURIAL GROUPS NO. 1-4 NORTHERN SECTION OF THE PALACE SYRTSOVA BURIAL GROUND (EXCAVATIONS 1982-1985)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-470
Author(s):  
Ludmila B. Gmyrya ◽  
Yusup A. Magomedov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Burial Mounds

The article deals with the specifics of the ceramic collection of 4 separate groups of burials (№1-4) of the Northern section of the Palace-Syrt burial ground of the IV–V centuries (hereinafter – the Northern Palace-Syrt), the excavations of which were carried out in 1982-1985. the Purpose of the study is to identify the features of this ceramic complex and to compare the data with the available results of the classification of ceramics of the barrow groups of the southern section of the burial ground (hereinafter – the southern Palace-Syrt), which was studied in 2009-2016.Separate burial mounds are essentially closed collective burial complexes connected by common social factors. Analysis of materials, such as certain groups of graves, and the comparative parsing of the entire series of mound groups located in the same area of the burial ground (planigraphy burials, funeral rites, especially the inventory, etc.), allows to determine in the burial traditions of the manifestations of the social structure of the population, and to identify common and particular in the ethnic composition of a large Union of tribes. The method of step analysis of the ceramic collection of burial mounds groups used in this work: burial – group of burials – group of burials of a separate certain area of the burial ground – group of burials of 2 sites of the burial ground, tested on the materials of the southern Palace-Syrt. It allows us to record both the General trends in the formation of the ceramic complex among the socially distinguished population, and to identify the principles of creating a clothing component of the funeral rite of the population. The authors give the characteristics of the sets of ceramics of each of the groups of burials of the Northern Palace-Syrt, on the basis of which a summary classification of the entire collection of ceramics is carried out. According to the authors ' conclusion, in the barrow groups №1-4 of the Northern Palace-Syrt there was no typological monotony of ceramic vessels, both in the sets of dishes of individual burial groups.

Islamic necropolis at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria: research in the 2010–2013 seasons

2016 ◽  
Vol XXIV (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Emanuela Kulicka
Keyword(s):  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Present Text ◽  
Made In

Exploration of the Islamic burial ground at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria continued from the 2010 through the 2013 seasons, uncovering more graves in different sectors: in area U (northwestern part of the site) tombs from the Upper (11th and 12th century) and Middle (9th/10th century) phases of the cemetery and in area CW from the Upper and Lower (8th/9th century) phases. The present text is a basic report of the finds and observations made in the course of the season.

scholarly journals Security and rescue research of the burial ground "Brotherly 1st barrows"on the territory of the Chechen Republic in 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Vladimir U Malashev ◽  
Rabadan G Magomedov ◽  
Felix S. Dzutsev ◽  
Hamid M. Mamaev ◽  
Mikhail V. Krivosheev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Main Gas Pipeline ◽  
Made In

In June-October 2018 Terek complex archaeological expedition ("scientific and production center "Dagestan archaeological service"), Caucasian expedition (Institute of archeology RAS) and Chechen expedition (Institute of humanitarian research of the Academy of Sciences of the CR), bringing together experts from Vladikavkaz, Volgograd, Grozny, Makhachkala, Moscow, Simferopol, etc., at the expense of PJSC "Gazprom" / LLC "Gazprominvest" (St. Petersburg) and LLC "Kirus" (Grozny), we conducted security and rescue research in the territory of the super – terrechny district of the Chechen Republic in the area of construction of the main gas pipeline "Mozdok-Grozny". Of greatest interest are the materials of the burial ground "Fraternal 1st mounds" (162 burial complex), Dating from the III-IV centuries ad and is the necropolis of the Fraternal 1st settlement, Dating from the early stage of the Alanian culture. The named necropolis occupies an approximate territory of 6.5 x 3.5-2 km. In the present article the General review of the investigated burials of the named barrow burial ground which many embankments are destroyed as a result of economic activity is presented. The result of this work was excavated barrow 162 and beskarkasnyh funeral complex. The vast majority of burials were made in catacombs of type I (the long axis of the chamber is perpendicular to the long axis of the entrance pit). The investigated sample of burials makes it possible to consider this monument a reference to the territory of the Middle Primerica at the specified time. The population, which left the burial grounds type "Fraternal 1st barrows", participated in the cultural and historical processes in the territory West of the Caspian sea, where their presence is recorded in the Terek-Sulak interfluve in the second half of the III century ad, and from the middle of IV century BC, in southern Dagestan, where, according to information from written sources, localized "Country land".

scholarly journals D. T. BEREZOVETS AND NETAILIVKA BURIAL GROUND OF SALTIV CULTURE: DISCOVERY, MODERN RESEARCHES, RESULTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-353
Author(s):  
V. S. Aksonov
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Bulgarian Population ◽  
Made In

Peculiarity of the Netailivka burial ground, noted by its discoverer D. T. Berezovets, is the total predominance of burials where the bones of the buried people are completely absent. At the same time the burials often contain grave goods located in the places when the bodies of the deceased should have been lied. This fact allowed D. T. Berezovets to suppose that initially the burial was performed on the surface of the earth where the body was exposed to natural factors and only after that it was re-buried into a pit. However, the researches of recent years show that burials were made in full accordance with the funeral rite of the Proto-Bulgarian population of the Saltiv culture. The absence of human remains in most of the burial pits should be associated with the specific hydrological conditions prevailing at the site of the necropolis in the post-Saltiv period. In a number of burials of the burial ground the later activity in the burial pits, associated with ritual actions performed in ancient times, were recorded. These actions testify the existence of the so-called «final ceremony» among the Netailivka people, the holding of which meant the end of mourning for the deceased person and made the death of a relative complete and final for the living. The study of the chronological markers of the site made it possible to attribute the time of the burial ground to the stage of the formation of the Saltiv culture in the region and to date the earliest burials of the necropolis to the 740—790 AD. The set of decorations and brooches from early burials shows that the original area of the migration of this population was the North-Eastern Caucasus (the territory of modern Chechnya and Dagestan). The location of the horse remains in the burials of the horsemen indicates the mixed Turkic-Ugric character of the population, which was part of the tribal union of the «Bulgars». The date of the burial ground and the probable area of residence of the population which made it, allows us to identify the «Netailivka» people with the representatives of the nomadic Bulgar union known from literary sources as «Sabirs / Savirs»

scholarly journals Burial Mound 7 of Sara Burial Ground (D.I. Zakharov’s Excavations, 1928): Historiographic Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
The Village ◽  
Made In ◽  
Burial Rite

The article is devoted to historiographic research of the excavation materials from mound 7 of Sara burial ground. The excavations took place in the Eastern Orenburg area in 1928. The materials of these excavations entered scientific circulation in 1960 and contained serious errors, which greatly distorted the discoveries made there. B.F. Zhelezchikov, archaeologist from Volgograd, was the first to pay attention to this fact in 1997 but he just mentioned it briefly. We have conducted our own archival research and this article presents its results. The paper fully publishes the text of D.I. Zakharov’s report, his plan of Sara burial ground, the plan and cross-section view of mound 7 excavated by him. The paper characterizes the photos of the finds attached to Zakharov’s report as well. While comparing Zakharov’s data with the information which entered scientific circulation in the middle of the previous century under the name of “mound 7 of the burial ground near the village of Sara” we identified “extra” artifacts included into the report accidentally. For example, an iron dagger, most arrowheads, all items of horse harness, a whetstone, a stone tile and some decorations were excluded from the finds supposedly made in this mound. The letter from director of Orenburg Museum I.A. Zaretskiy confirmed the earlier suggestions that these objects were found during grave robberies and accidentally included into the collection of finds from mound 7 of Sara burial ground. The paper publishes an excerpt from this letter. We restored the true picture of the excavations of 1928 and observed the burial rite of the burial in mound 7 – cremation at the side of the burial.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS OF THE POPULATION OF THE BASIN OF VYCHEGDA AND THE UPPER KAMA RIVERS IN THE MIDDLE AGES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE VYM AND RODANOVO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
E. A. Savelyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Underground Burial

The latest materials of the excavations of medieval sites in the Vychegda basin and the Upper Kama region confirm the ethno-cultural proximity of the Rodanovo and Vym archaeological cultures associated with the related peoples – the ancestors of the Komi-Permians and Komi-Zyryans, which was proved by A.P. Smirnov, V.A. Oborin, A.F. Melnichuk, R.D. Goldina and other researchers. It can be traced in the most conservative, traditional elements of culture – in funeral rites, ceramics, and women's costume decorations. Both cultures are characterized by underground burial grounds, burials in which are made by the method of inhumation and cremation. Ceramics are represented by stucco vessels of cup-shaped and pot-shaped forms, ornamented with comb, rosette stamp, and cord prints. Common adornments of women's costume are umbonoid, arched, anchor and bronze bi-anchor rattle pendants, a variety of tubular thread decorations. The greatest affinity to the Rodanovo culture is found in the sites adjacent to the Upper Kama areas – Sysola, Mid-Vychegda, dating back to the 10th – 11th, 11th – 12th centuries. On the Sysola river, three burial grounds were investigated, different from the Vym, Mid- and Low Vychegda ones. The Votcha burial ground on the Middle Sysola river, dating back to the 10th – 11th centuries, refers to the earliest ones. According to the funeral rite and ware implements, it shows the greatest cultural proximity to the sites of the Kama region, which is most likely due to the relocation of a small group of the Kama population to the Sysola basin. The Uzhga I and II burial grounds on the Upper Sysola are distinguished by their great originality. The burial rite of the Uzhga burial grounds is characterized by dismembered burials, burials of individual skulls, and the tradition of deliberate destruction of graves for ritual purposes. These features of the funeral rite find analogies in the Upper Kama burial grounds, in particular, Averino I in the Afanasyevsky district of the Kirov region, as well as Plotnitsy, located in the Kudymkar district of the Perm region. It is most likely that the population that had left Uzhga burial grounds, was part of the same territorial–tribal association as the northern Upper Kama population, associated with Zyuzdino Komi-Permians, which is confirmed by the data of ethnography and linguistics. The infiltration of the Rodanovo population into the Vychegda basin in the 11th and 12th centuries is documented by the excavations of the Chezhtyyag and Vym Kichilkos I burial grounds. They belong to the Vym culture of the Vychegda Perm, the early complexes of which, dating from the 11th –12th centuries, may be associated with the Rodanovo newcomers. In the burial 37 of the Chezhtyyag burial ground, a characteristic Rodanovo women's costume is represented. At the Kichilkos I burial ground, numerous highly artistic Bulgar silver articles from the Kama region were found, as well as typical Rodanovo decorations, stucco vessels similar in shape and ornamentation, and burials that show the greatest similarity to the Early Rodanovo ones. These materials testify not only to the active trade and cultural relations between the population of the Vym and Rodanovo cultures, but also to the infiltration of the Upper Kama Rodanovo groups into the Vychegda basin in the 11th and 12th centuries.

scholarly journals A recently discovered Jurchen burial ground in Primorye

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
N. G. Artemieva
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Jin Dynasty ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds

Purpose. The Manchus’ ancestors, the Jurchen people who established the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) and the Eastern Xia State (1215-1233) on the territory of the Far East, constructed many sites dated back to those periods in Primorye. Mostly, the sites are walled town, settlements and religious buildings. Up to the present day, the Jurchen burial grounds have remained a highly disputable issue and require more detailed descriptions and more accurate dating. Such a burial ground was found 2 km southeast from the village of Novitskoye in the Partizansky District of Primorye. In the article, we analyze and date the artifacts discovered. Results. The archaeological site is located on the creek valley that is 600 m wide extending from the east to the west. The burial ground is located in a deep mountain glen closed on three sides. Fifteen platform-based graves were excavated there. We have determined that all the bodies buried there had been cremated. The ash was put into a ceramic or wooden urn and then placed onto a flat stone on the bottom of the burial pit. After that, the urn was covered with another flat stone and some wooden pieces. One of the graves was constructed on a high basement decorated with two rows of stones. A «devitalized» (embowed) sword was put over the quiver with eleven arrowheads and some remains of bone dust found on the southwestern side of the basement. A grave house made of river gravels, stones or roofing tiles was erected over the grave. Then the pieces of wood were burnt, all the graveside decorations were covered up with soil. As a result, the grave turned into a small mound. We compared the funeral rites and the constructive features of the burial ground in Novitskoye to those of the previously excavated sites and discovered certain similarities in the cremation rituals and some differences in details of the burial constructions. Conclusion. The burial ground of Novitskoye gives archaeologists an opportunity to outline a more comprehensive concept of the Jurchen funeral traditions of the XII–XIII centuries and associate them with the Buddhist funeral ceremony. It was done by determining the ceremonial features, researching the burial constructions excavated and analyzing their chronological and social contexts.

scholarly journals Painted Astragals of the Bronze Age (Kyrykungir burial ground, East Kazakhstan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
Ulan U. Umitkaliev ◽  
◽  
Oleg A. Mitko ◽  
Liudmila V. Lbova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
The Bronze Age

The publication presents materials of the funeral necropolis Kyrykungir (East Kazakhstan), in which two sets of astragals with traces of coloring pigments were discovered. The design of the burials accompanying the inventory and the general archaeological context allows dating these objects from the 12th to 13th centuries BC. Data from archaeozoological analysis and SEM-EDX analysis of the painted surface of objects (alchiks) are present in the paper. The species composition of animals has been established, demonstrating a combination of astragals of both domestic and wild species. A diverse chemical composition of paints with which objects were covered, as well as cases of renewal of staining, was revealed. In the initial version, individual astragals could belong to population with different traditions of making paints, possibly from different regions. The results allow us to offer a different point of view on the phenomenon of the presence of alchiks in archaeological cultures. The range of interpretations of astragals (alchiks) finds implies not only understanding them as elements of game traditions, but also designating their complex social and cultural role in the funeral rites of the population of Eurasia in the Bronze Age.

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