scholarly journals Household Production of Ceramic Water Filters in Western Rajasthan, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Gupta ◽  
Raj Kumar Satankar ◽  
Amrita Kaurwar ◽  
Usha Aravind ◽  
Muhammad Sharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Optimal Filtration ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Critical Investigation

Frustum shaped clay ceramic water filters are being manufactured by the potters of the Thar Desert in India for household use. The clay composite consists of a homogeneous mixture of equal volume of clay and sawdust. A low-cost manual press, to form the clay composite into frustum shape, is developed by the present authors. This article elaborates critical investigation of the specific traditional clay-firing technique used, to achieve the required functionality and material property of the filters. Household based manufacturing of these filters is found to be markedly different from factory based production by firing process. The functional features of the clay ceramic filter, such as microbial filtration rate, flow rate, and compressive strength, are evaluated and presented. An E. coli bacteria removal efficiency of more than 99% is achieved using these clay ceramic water filters. Optimal filtration rates are achieved between ambient temperatures ranging from 30oC - 40oC.

Development of improved low-cost ceramic water filters for viral removal in the Haitian context

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Guerrero-Latorre ◽  
M. Rusiñol ◽  
A. Hundesa ◽  
M. Garcia-Valles ◽  
S. Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Reductive Atmosphere ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Water Filters

Household-based water treatment (HWT) is increasingly being promoted to improve water quality and, therefore, health status in low-income countries. Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are used in many regions as sustainable HWT and have been proven to meet World Health Organization (WHO) microbiological performance targets for bacterial removal (2–4 log); however, the described viral removal efficiencies are insufficient to significantly reduce the associated risk of viral infection. With the objective of improving the viral removal efficiencies of ceramic water filters, new prototypes with different oxide compositions and firing atmospheres have been developed and evaluated. For removal efficiencies human adenoviruses, MS2 bacteriophage and Escherichia coli were quantified in all prototypes. A new model of CWF that was fired in a reductive atmosphere presented virus and bacteria removal efficiencies greater than 3.0 log and 2.5 log, respectively, which would fulfill the viral targets that are recommended by the WHO. Ceramic characterization of the selected filters, which were fired in a reductive atmosphere, showed that a larger specific surface area than those of control filters and higher fraction of a positive Z-potential fraction are the most likely explanations for this increase in virus removal.

scholarly journals Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Nkosinobubelo Ndebele ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
John O. Odiyo ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

In this study, we report on field testing of ceramic water filters (CWFs) fabricated using a new method of silver application (using silver nitrate as a raw material) compared to conventionally manufactured CWFs (fabricated with silver nanoparticles). Both types of filters were manufactured at the PureMadi ceramic filter production facility in Dertig, South Africa. Thirty households received filters fabricated with silver nitrate (AgNO3), and ten of those households were given an extra filter fabricated with silver nanoparticles. Filter performance was quantified by measurement of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal and silver residual concentration in the effluent. Silver-nitrate CWFs had removal efficiencies for total coliforms and E. coli of 95% and 99%, respectively. A comparison of the performance of silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters showed that the different filters had similar levels of total coliform and E. coli removal, although the silver nitrate filters produced the highest average removal of 97% while silver nanoparticles filters recorded an average removal of 85%. Average effluent silver levels were below 10 ppb for the silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters, which was significantly below the Environmental Protection Agencies of the United States (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) secondary guidelines of 100 ppb. Silver-nitrate filters resulted in the lowest effluent silver concentrations, which could potentially increase the effective life span of the filter. A cost analysis shows that it is more economical to produce CWFs using silver nitrate due to a reduction in raw-material costs and reduced labor costs for production. Furthermore, the production of silver-nitrate filters reduces inhalation exposure of silver by workers. The results obtained from this study will be applied to improve the ceramic filtration technology as a point-of-use (POU) water treatment device and hence reduce health problems associated with microbial contamination of water stored at the household level.

Removal of selected microorganisms using silver-impregnated and coated, low-cost, micro-porous, ceramic water filters

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Simonis ◽  
Muzi Ndwandwe ◽  
Albert Basson ◽  
Tlou Selepe
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Ceramic Surface ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters

There is great need to purify the contaminated water which the poor people in Africa have access to, and make it safe for drinking in a way that is affordable and effective. A particular challenge is the removal of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, which traditionally are eliminated by expensive nano-filtration or reverse osmosis. An added requirement is satisfying the recent recommendation of the WHO for household water-treatment systems to eliminate 99.99% of microbial contamination, which is proving exceptionally difficult to achieve in poor countries at a cost they can afford. We report on the successful testing of a low-cost, locally produced ceramic filter that has the potential to meet the WHO criterion at a cost of US$10 per year. In one version the filter consisted of a silver-impregnated, highly porous ceramic; in another modification silver nano particles were incorporated on the ceramic surface. The silver-impregnated filter was tested on water samples contaminated with selected Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for its oligodynamic effect and for its effective reduction of bacteriophages. The ceramic filters reduced the viral count by 94–99% and we believe that, with further development, our prototype is easily capable of achieving the WHO criterion.

scholarly journals Adopting a Preparatory Strategy to Respond to Water Security Issues Arising from Geo-Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed McBean ◽  
Aili Yang ◽  
Huiyan Cheng ◽  
YiCheng Wu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Security ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Opportunity To Respond ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Over Time

‘Geo-hazards’ is a collective term to describe hazards causing huge problems with human settlements, where the hazards are many and varied, including earthquakes, floods, windstorms, and drought, all of which are intensifying over time in large part due to climate change and population growth.  In particular, issues of availability of ‘safe’ water are major disruptive elements frequently causing widespread incidence of diarrheal diseases both during and post, geo-hazard events. In response, arguments are described which demonstrate ceramic water filters (CWFs) have credible potential to effectively remove E.-coli (and, by similar attribute characterization), are effective in the removal of cholera. Field experience in terms of removal have been demonstrated as 94.7% removal of E-coli and all users in some applications have expressed interest in continuing use of ceramic filters beyond the trial period. Arguments are put forth, for CWFs as a Point-of-Use (POU) technology by which they can be stored and rapidly disseminated given occurrence of geo-hazards, thereby providing the opportunity to respond quickly. CWFs can be effectively stored without deterioration, are inexpensive, and easy to train recipients for their post-geo-hazard occurrence.

Household-Based Ceramic Water Filters for the Treatment of Drinking Water in Disaster Response: An Assessment of a Pilot Programme in the Dominican Republic

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Clasen ◽  
S. Boisson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Water Filters

As part of its response to flooding in the Dominican Republic in 2003, Oxfam GB distributed ceramic “candle” water filters to householders in 7 affected communities. In a randomized, controlled trial conducted among 80 householders in one community during the six-month design life of the ceramic filter elements, faecal water contamination was consistently lower among intervention households than control households (geometric mean themotolerant coliform (TTC) of 2.9/100 ml vs 32.9/100 ml, p<0.0001). Overall, 70.6% of samples from the intervention households met WHO guidelines for zero TTC/100 ml compared to 31.8% for control households (p < 0.001). A cross-sectional study 16 months following filter distribution revealed that 88.7% of the filters were still in the recipient households; 48.7% were still operating properly, the others failing mainly due to breakage, clogging or expiration of the useful life of the candle elements. While source waters were still highly contaminated, 54% of samples from working filters were free of TTC. These results suggest that ceramic water filters can be an effective intervention for providing populations affected by disasters with safe drinking water during resettlement. They may also be a potentially sustainable long-term solution, provided householders have access to affordable replacement filter elements.

The segregation of silver nanoparticles in low-cost ceramic water filters

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Larimer ◽  
Nicole Ostrowski ◽  
Jacquelyn Speakman ◽  
Ian Nettleship
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Water Filters

Ceramic Water Filters as a Response Technology to Geo-Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E. McBean ◽  
◽  
G. Huang ◽  
Yongping Li ◽  
Yanfeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Water Filters

Antibacterial silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic with low silver release

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Qi ◽  
Junwei Chen ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Honghui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Silver Release

Abstract There is an urgent need for an effective and long-lasting ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment. In this study, silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were developed by an easy and effective method. The ceramic filters have a three-dimensional interconnected pore structure and porosity of 50.85%. Characterizations of the silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles were confirmed to be formed in situ in the ceramic filter. The highest silver concentration in water was 0.24 μg/L and 2.1 μg/L in short- and long-term experiments, indicating very low silver-release properties of silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filter. The nanocomposite ceramics show strong bactericidal activity. When contact time with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL exceeded 3 h, the bactericidal rates of the four different silver content ceramics against E. coli and S. aureus were all 100%. Strong bactericidal effect against E. coli with initial concentration of 109 CFU/mL were also observed in ceramic newly obtained and ceramic immersed in water for 270 days, demonstrating its high stability. The silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters could be a promising candidate for point-of-use water treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document