The Determinants of Entrepreneurship Development in Spatial Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Zioło
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Spatial Systems ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Growth Shape ◽  
Strategic Goal

The processes of technological  progress create new opportunities for economic, social and cultural growth, shape new relations between economic  entities and their environment,  and influence changes in the determinants  of entrepreneurship development.  These processes vary significantly in certain geographic locations, characterised by an enormous  diversity of natural, social, economic and cultural structures. As a consequence, this creates different opportunities  and different conditions for the development of entrepreneurship in certain spatial scales, from the continental scale, through national and regional to local scales. The article presents complex conditions  for the development of entrepreneurship, highlights its limitations resulting from institutional  barriers, and the importance of knowing the mechanisms of mutual relations between spatial systems and the influence of control instruments. The quality of central and local government authorities is of particular significance here, which do not always properly use the mechanisms of rational business support. A serious barrier to the development of entrepreneurship is the low quality of social capital, manifested in a lack of trust in institutional authorities and reluctance to engage in entrepreneurship and business development. The conclusions point out that further research should be developed that will take into account changing business conditions, with a defined strategic goal of raising the quality and standard of living, international competitiveness of the country and products in different market categories.

scholarly journals Ensemble model for estimating continental-scale patterns of human movement: a case study of Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McCulloch ◽  
Nick Golding ◽  
Jodie McVernon ◽  
Sarah Goodwin ◽  
Martin Tomko
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
Epidemiology Data

AbstractUnderstanding human movement patterns at local, national and international scales is critical in a range of fields, including transportation, logistics and epidemiology. Data on human movement is increasingly available, and when combined with statistical models, enables predictions of movement patterns across broad regions. Movement characteristics, however, strongly depend on the scale and type of movement captured for a given study. The models that have so far been proposed for human movement are best suited to specific spatial scales and types of movement. Selecting both the scale of data collection, and the appropriate model for the data remains a key challenge in predicting human movements. We used two different data sources on human movement in Australia, at different spatial scales, to train a range of statistical movement models and evaluate their ability to predict movement patterns for each data type and scale. Whilst the five commonly-used movement models we evaluated varied markedly between datasets in their predictive ability, we show that an ensemble modelling approach that combines the predictions of these models consistently outperformed all individual models against hold-out data.

scholarly journals DIASPORA NETWORKS, NON-ECONOMIC REMITTANCES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM SOME ECONOMIES IN LATIN AMERICA

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550005 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIR KSHETRI ◽  
DIANA ROJAS-TORRES ◽  
MARLENY CARDONA ACEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Diaspora Networks

Diaspora networks' non-economic remittances in the forms of social, political, cultural and technical contributions to their homeland play important roles in entrepreneurship and economic development. In this paper, we examine the effects of such remittances on entrepreneurship development in economies in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We analyze how factors such as migrants' skills and education and characteristics of the host country are likely to affect non-economic remittances and their contribution to entrepreneurship and economic development. We offer some examples of initiatives taken in the home country and the host country to maximize the potential non-economic remittances and their impacts on entrepreneurship development in the home country. A key lesson and take-away that we can gain from entrepreneurially successful efforts of some economies is that the primary focus of diaspora policies need to be centered on utilizing various forms of non-economic remittances in stimulating the quantity and quality of entrepreneurial activity.

Multiscale accessibility and urban performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832110246
Author(s):  
Nir Kaplan ◽  
David Burg ◽  
Itzhak Omer
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Spatial Systems ◽  
Urban Scaling ◽  
National Road ◽  
National Systems ◽  
Specific Scale

Accessibility is fundamentally thought to be related to functional, economic, and social performances of cities and geographical systems and, therefore, constitutes an essential aspect for spatial planning. Previous studies focused on cities or metropolitan scales, often disregarding their position within regional and national systems, which can greatly affect their performance. Although accessibility at various spatial scales has been examined, the studies focused on accessibility patterns at different scales, with no reference to the level of accessibility of cities over local, regional, and national scales simultaneously, i.e. multiscale accessibility. This study aims to elucidate the multiscale accessibility level of individual cities and examine its relationship to urban performance in the urban system of Israel. Spatial accessibility was analyzed using the space syntax methodology for the entire national road network across multiple geographic scales—from the local to the national scale. Based on three distinct spatial accessibility systems identified, a unique multiscale accessibility profile was created for individual cities in Israel. Subsequently, each city’s multiscale accessibility profiles were examined against urban performance indicators determined from urban scaling theory. We found that the superiority of cities characterized by high accessibility level plays a role not only for a specific scale but also over scales and spatial systems. Moreover, most urban performance indicators related to the multiscale accessibility profiles of cities, while some multiscale accessibility profiles can be related to over- or under-performance of cities. The findings suggest that pervasive accessibility across spatial scales is inherently connected to urban performance and may indicate on the implementation and interpretation of accessibility. These findings may assist in various aspects of spatial planning at various scales.

scholarly journals INNOVATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCTION COST CONTROL IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF AGRICULTURE RESOURCES AS AN ACCELERATION SOLUTION TO SUPPORT BUSINESS SECTOR AGRICULTURE DURING THE COVID 19 PERIOD IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-372
Author(s):  
IGP Ratih Andaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Cost Control ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
Production Cost Control

ABSTRACT This research analyses development of innovation agroecology and innovation socio economy business conditions in Indonesia. The agriculture needs agriculture controlling report of cost production and tools and machinery support and solution with certain characteristics. The transformation business practically development of innovation business industry of agriculture materials is one of the efforts to improve competence and skill. The purpose of this study is to find out solutions practice in agriculture mechanicsm in business sector industry,administration agriculture aspects and management business agriculture area in controlling of cost production. This research has an impact on post pandemic Covid 19 in Indonesia. The limitation of this research is the increasing innovation and transformation agriculture mechanicsm and solution in accelerated and supporting busness industry of agriculture sector in Pandemic Covid 19 in Indonesia.The Contribution of This research are that business industry of agriculture are able to maintain skill and knowledge of controlling cost production and innovation and transformation technology of agricultur business sector. Keywords: Inovation,Transformation,Controlling,Business Industry,Agriculture,CostProduction.

scholarly journals The Value of Citizen Science in Increasing Our Knowledge of Under-Sampled Biodiversity: An Overview of Public Documentation of Auchenorrhyncha and the Hoppers of North Carolina

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Kittelberger ◽  
Solomon V. Hendrix ◽  
Çağan Hakkı Şekercioğlu
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Due to the increasing popularity of websites specializing in nature documentation, there has been a surge in the number of people enthusiastic about observing and documenting nature over the past 2 decades. These citizen scientists are recording biodiversity on unprecedented temporal and spatial scales, rendering data of tremendous value to the scientific community. In this study, we investigate the role of citizen science in increasing knowledge of global biodiversity through the examination of notable contributions to the understanding of the insect suborder Auchenorrhyncha, also known as true hoppers, in North America. We have compiled a comprehensive summary of citizen science contributions—published and unpublished—to the understanding of hopper diversity, finding over fifty previously unpublished country and state records as well as dozens of undescribed and potentially undescribed species. We compare citizen science contributions to those published in the literature as well as specimen records in collections in the United States and Canada, illuminating the fact that the copious data afforded by citizen science contributions are underutilized. We also introduce the website Hoppers of North Carolina, a revolutionary new benchmark for tracking hopper diversity, disseminating knowledge from the literature, and incorporating citizen science. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations for both the entomological community and citizen science platforms on how best to approach, utilize, and increase the quality of sightings from the general public.

scholarly journals Challenges of Automobile Technology in Entrepreneurship Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 166-174
Author(s):  
Segun Okuta ◽  
Josephine Musa Dawha
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Entrepreneurial Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Higher Institutions ◽  
Automobile Technology

The desire of Federal Government of Nigeria and the world over is the building of a better world in the 21st century, where the economy of the nations would be seen to have developed by quality of high level manpower produced by higher institutions of learning. Therefore, educators of tertiary institutions must prepare for entrepreneurial training that will richly transform the economy. In discussing the challenges of Automobile Technology in entrepreneurship development, the paper examines the concept of entrepreneurship development, the roles of government and non-governmental organizations, challenges of Automobile Technology in entrepreneurship development such as lack of practical based curriculum and inadequate funding. The paper also offers suggestion that curriculum should be frequently reviewed and adequate funding be provided.

scholarly journals Continental-Scale Microbiome Study Reveals Different Environmental Characteristics Determining Microbial Richness, Composition, and Quantity in Hotel Rooms

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Fu ◽  
Yanling Li ◽  
Qianqian Yuan ◽  
Gui-hong Cai ◽  
Yiqun Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Absolute Quantity

ABSTRACT Culture-independent microbiome surveys have been conducted in homes, hospitals, schools, kindergartens and vehicles for public transport, revealing diverse microbial distributions in built environments. However, microbiome composition and the associated environmental characteristics have not been characterized in hotel environments. We presented here the first continental-scale microbiome study of hotel rooms (n = 68) spanning Asia and Europe. Bacterial and fungal communities were described by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and quantitative PCR. Similar numbers of bacterial (4,344) and fungal (4,555) operational taxonomic units were identified in the same sequencing depth, but most fungal taxa showed a restricted distribution compared to bacterial taxa. Aerobic, ubiquitous bacteria dominated the hotel microbiome with compositional similarity to previous samples from building and human nasopharynx environments. The abundance of Aspergillus was negatively correlated with latitude and accounted for ∼80% of the total fungal load in seven low-latitude hotels. We calculated the association between hotel microbiome and 16 indoor and outdoor environmental characteristics. Fungal composition and absolute quantity showed concordant associations with the same environmental characteristics, including latitude, quality of the interior, proximity to the sea, and visible mold, while fungal richness was negatively associated with heavy traffic (95% confidence interval [CI] = −127.05 to −0.25) and wall-to-wall carpet (95% CI = −47.60 to −3.82). Bacterial compositional variation was associated with latitude, quality of the interior, and floor type, while bacterial richness was negatively associated with recent redecoration (95% CI −179.00 to −44.55) and mechanical ventilation (95% CI = −136.71 to −5.12). IMPORTANCE This is the first microbiome study to characterize the microbiome data and associated environmental characteristics in hotel environments. In this study, we found concordant variation between fungal compositional variation and absolute quantity and discordant variation between community variation/quantity and richness. Our study can be used to promote hotel hygiene standards and provide resource information for future microbiome and exposure studies associated with health effects in hotel rooms.

scholarly journals On the zero-level offset in the GOSAT TANSO-FTS O<sub>2</sub> A band and the quality of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF): comparison of SIF between GOSAT and OCO-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 6721-6735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruki Oshio ◽  
Yukio Yoshida ◽  
Tsuneo Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Analogue Circuit ◽  
Zero Level ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Photosynthetic Production

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has attracted attention as a method for improving the estimation accuracy of the photosynthetic production of terrestrial vegetation in recent years. The Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) has the ability to observe both SIF and the concentrations of CO2 and CH4 and thus is expected to contribute to the understanding of the global carbon budget. Evaluating artefact signals (e.g. zero-level offset caused by non-linearity in the analogue circuit in the case of GOSAT) is effective for inferring the instrument status and important for retrieving SIF from satellite measurements. Here we investigate the characteristics of the zero-level offset and the consistency of satellite-derived SIFs by comparing the derived SIF with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) SIF at multiple spatial scales (footprint to global). The zero-level offset was evaluated using filling-in signals over bare soil while investigating the criteria for identifying barren areas. An analysis of the temporal variation of the zero-level offset over a period of 9 years suggests that the radiometric sensitivity of the GOSAT spectrometer changed after switching the optics path selector in January 2015. The GOSAT SIF was highly consistent with the OCO-2 SIF, with a bias within 0.1 mW m−2 nm−1 sr−1 for most months and an inter-region bias of about 0.2 mW m−2 nm−1 sr−1. Our results agree with the previous comparisons and support the consistency among the present satellite SIF data, which is important for the utilization of those data.

scholarly journals The Spatial-Comprehensiveness (S-COM) Index: Identifying Optimal Spatial Extents in Volunteered Geographic Information Point Datasets

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Haydn Lawrence ◽  
Colin Robertson ◽  
Rob Feick ◽  
Trisalyn Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Volunteered Geographic Information ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Quality Metric ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Feasible Study

Social media and other forms of volunteered geographic information (VGI) are used frequently as a source of fine-grained big data for research. While employing geographically referenced social media data for a wide array of purposes has become commonplace, the relevant scales over which these data apply to is typically unknown. For researchers to use VGI appropriately (e.g., aggregated to areal units (e.g., neighbourhoods) to elicit key trend or demographic information), general methods for assessing the quality are required, particularly, the explicit linkage of data quality and relevant spatial scales, as there are no accepted standards or sampling controls. We present a data quality metric, the Spatial-comprehensiveness Index (S-COM), which can delineate feasible study areas or spatial extents based on the quality of uneven and dynamic geographically referenced VGI. This scale-sensitive approach to analyzing VGI is demonstrated over different grains with data from two citizen science initiatives. The S-COM index can be used both to assess feasible study extents based on coverage, user-heterogeneity, and density and to find feasible sub-study areas from a larger, indefinite area. The results identified sub-study areas of VGI for focused analysis, allowing for a larger adoption of a similar methodology in multi-scale analyses of VGI.

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