scholarly journals Effects of forest roads on Ips sexdentatus infestation in black pine forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Gonca Ece Özcan ◽  
Korhan Enez ◽  
Burak Arıcak
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Ips Sexdentatus

Forest roads are important transportation equipment through forested areas in the rugged, mountainous terrain of northern Turkey. Forest roads harm forest ecosystems due to both the manner in which they are established and how they are used afterwards. Damage to trees that occur during road construction through forests stresses trees, which facilitates outbreaks of bark beetle populations. Bark beetles are significant risk to the health and productivity of Turkish pine forests and to pine forests worldwide. In particular, Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is a particularly destructive species of bark beetle in Turkish forests. Their damage to coniferous trees threatens the sustainability of the forest ecosystems. This study primarily aims to assess the intensity of damage that I. sexdentatus inflicts on Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold stands relative to several parameters: the distance to the nearest forest road, aspect (shady - sunny), slope (0–15% or >15%), and other stand characteristics. In this study, we show how damage by an I. sexdentatus infestation in pure black pine stands varies with distance to forest roads and in situ edaphic factors. We sampled 45 plots (400 m2 each), slope, aspect and distances to the nearest forest road was determined using ArcGIS software and the region’s road network overlays. Results showed that trees located within 100 m from the nearest forest road were the most severely damaged ones. The intensity of I. sexdentatus damage was about 16% in a hectare. Trees that were in 16–20 cm diameter class were damaged more often. I. sexdentatus damage did not show any significant correlation with the slope, aspect or degree of canopy closure.

scholarly journals Natural and insecticide-free methods for protecting wood piles from bark beetles - using the example of the ash bark beetle (Hylesinus fraxini [Panzer, 1779]) on Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior [L.])

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Robert Friedrich ◽  
Wehnert-Kohlenbrenner Michael ◽  
Marco Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Ips Sexdentatus ◽  
Test Treatments ◽  
Pheromone Dispensers

This paper is investigating the insecticide-free protection of ash wood piles through the use of semiochemical dispensers with allochthonous kairomones to control ash bark beetle populations. For this purpose, borehole counts and brood gallery analyses were carried out on log piles of ash wood stored in the forest. Studies have shown that Hylesinus fraxini is repelled by the attractant dispenser with the substance mixture Sexowit, which was actually developed to catch Ips sexdentatus. In addition, the substance mixture has an aggregating effect on various bark beetle antagonists. This causality should be used to find a form of application to protect freshly stacked ash wood from H. fraxini infestation. A recommended form of application should be transferable to other bark beetle- and tree species and substances. In adaptation to the so-called Island Method of bark beetle traps, the wood piles of the five test variants were also arranged like islands. Commercially available Sexowit pheromone dispensers were used, which were attached to the piles. Besides a control without Sexowit dispenser there were test treatments with one, two, four and nine Sexowit dispensers.Within the scope of the investigation, effects between the tested variants could be determined and a recommended application method derived. Compared to control most effective protection of ash log piles was reached with variants treated with four or nine lures of Sexowit. In relation to control infestation was reduced by 78.1% on 4-dispenser variant Sexowit and 88.9% on 9-dispenser variant Sexowit.

scholarly journals Listening to the hidden sounds in the forest

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 323-323
Author(s):  
A.J. Najar-Rodriguez ◽  
S. Sapkota ◽  
S. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Hylastes Ater

Many bark beetles (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae) exhibit a wide array of acoustic abilities including sounds used in mate attraction territoriality and defence In New Zealand the goldenhaired bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda and the black pine bark beetle Hylastes ater are two species of forest insects which may be found on export logs Acoustic signals have been shown to discourage a related bark beetle the western pine beetle Dendroctonus from entering into pine logs and to disrupt mating and tunnelling These recent studies combined with observations of H ligniperda and H ater helped to establish the concept that acoustic disruption could be used as part of a wider systems approach to deter these beetle species near saw mills skid sites and ports If proven effective this technique would add value to New Zealand log exports and decrease the reliance on toxic fumigants as the primary control measure This study shows some of the functions and physical characteristics of the acoustic signals produced by H ligniperda and H ater

scholarly journals Efficacy of synthetic lures for pine bark beetle monitoring

2022 ◽  
Vol 68 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Miloš Knížek ◽  
Jan Liška ◽  
Adam Véle
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Ips Sexdentatus

The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations in central Europe are currently damaged by a large-scale infestation by bark beetles (Scolytinae). Ips acuminatus and Ips sexdentatus are among the most aggressive species causing infestations of pine trees that are currently simultaneously attacked by Ips typographus. In pine plantations prone to damage, it is therefore necessary to carry out the bark beetle monitoring. One of the used methods is the pheromone bark beetle trapping using synthetic lures. The efficacy of synthetic lures differs. We tested the efficacy of commercially available lures used in the protection of pine trees. In total, we deployed 10 trap series, each consisting of traps with eight different lures and two unbaited traps (controls). Ips acuminatus and I. sexdentatus were most abundantly captured in Pheagr-IAC- and Sexowit-baited traps. Interestingly, the spruce species I. typographus was also captured and most often found in traps with Pheagr-IAC and Erosowit Tube lures. The number of captured beetles was consistent with the gradation phase of bark beetles. Our results suggest the suitability of pheromone traps for bark beetle monitoring. The use of Sexowit can be recommended especially in southwestern Moravia, where I. sexdentatus occurs in high numbers in the long run. In other parts of the Czech Republic, Pheagr-IAC alone can be used with sufficient efficacy. The use of the Erosowit Tube lure is also suitable for I. typographus and I. sexdentatus monitoring.

scholarly journals Bark Beetles, Fuels, Fire Potential and Nitrogen Cycling in Contrasting Conifer Forests of Greater Yellowstone

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Monica Turner ◽  
Jacob Griffin ◽  
Philip Townsend ◽  
Martin Simard ◽  
Brian Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Cycling ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Greater Yellowstone

Recent increases in insect and fire activity throughout the western US have presented forest managers with formidable challenges. The extent and severity of bark beetle (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) epidemics have reached unprecedented levels, and the number of large, severe fires continues to increase. These trends are expected to continue because climate change is implicated for both disturbances. Insects and fire have tremendous ecological and economic effects in western forests, yet surprisingly little is known about how fire hazard may change following bark beetle epidemics, and the efficacy of alternative forest management practices (e.g., removal of beetle-killed trees or remaining small trees) designed to reduce future fire hazard is largely unknown. We are employing a combination of field studies, remote sensing and simulation modeling to understand how bark beetle infestation affects fire hazard in two widespread but contrasting forest types, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir forests are key components of Rocky Mountain landscapes, and both are experiencing extensive and severe bark beetle outbreaks. Published research on beetle effects on fire in lodgepole pine forests is inconclusive, and almost no studies have examined Douglas-fir. We hypothesize that differences in fire regime, stand structure, regeneration potential and decomposition of woody fuels lead to important differences in fuel profiles, fire hazard and, in turn, the effectiveness of alternative mitigation strategies in lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. We also anticipate that ecosystem responses, especially nitrogen cycling, to beetle attack will differ between these two forest types. Our studies are being conducted in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks, and the Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), where we build on >20 years of research and our recent studies of bark beetles and fire in lodgepole pine forests. During the summer of 2010, we conducted a significant portion of the field component of the project, measuring stand structure and fuel profiles in a chronosequence of Douglas-fir forests of differing time since beetle attack (TSB), and also measuring burn severity and forest regeneration following a 2008 fire that burned a recently beetle-attacked forest. Data analyses are ongoing and results will be forthcoming.

scholarly journals Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Short-Interval Fires in Douglas-Fir and Lodgepole Pine Forests of Greater Yellowstone

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Monica Turner ◽  
William Romme ◽  
Brian Harvey ◽  
Daniel Donato
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Postfire Regeneration ◽  
Greater Yellowstone

Recent increases in insect and fire activity throughout the western US have presented forest managers with formidable challenges. The extent and severity of bark beetle (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) epidemics have reached unprecedented levels, and the frequency of large, severe fires continues to increase. These trends are expected to continue because climate change is implicated for both disturbances. Insects and fire have tremendous ecological and economic effects in western forests, yet surprisingly little is known about how fire hazard may change following bark beetle epidemics, and how changing fire regimes may potentially alter forests of Greater Yellowstone. We are employing a combination of field studies, remote sensing and simulation modeling to understand how bark beetle infestation affects fire hazard in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests. The Douglas-fir type is a key component of Rocky Mountain landscapes, and is experiencing extensive and severe bark beetle outbreaks. However, almost no studies have examined Douglas-fir. We hypothesized that differences in fire regime, stand structure, regeneration potential and decomposition of woody fuels lead to important differences in fuel profiles, fire hazard and, in turn, the effectiveness of alternative mitigation strategies in Douglas-fir. Our studies are being conducted in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks, and the Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), where we build on >20 years of research and our recent studies of bark beetles and fire in lodgepole pine forests. During the summer of 2011, we conducted a significant portion of the field component of the project, collecting ancillary data in our previously measured chronosequence of Douglas-fir forests of differing time since beetle attack (TSB), and measuring burn severity and forest regeneration following a 2008 fire that burned a recently beetle-attacked Douglas-fir forest on the Shoshone National Forest. We also sampled forest regeneration and dead wood biomass following a short (28-year) interval ‘reburn’ in lodgepole pine forests to test whether reduced seed sources associated with younger trees at the time of burning might reduce postfire regeneration potential. Data analyses are ongoing and results will be forthcoming.

scholarly journals Ips sexdentatus Mass-Trapping: Mitigation of Its Negative Effects on Saproxylic Beetles Larger Than the Target

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Matteo Bracalini ◽  
Francesco Croci ◽  
Emanuele Ciardi ◽  
Giulio Mannucci ◽  
Emanuele Papucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Thanasimus Formicarius ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Ips Sexdentatus ◽  
Average Size

Research Highlights: We investigated the negative effects of bark beetle mass trapping, especially non-target catches among the target’s natural enemies. Slot traps modified with mesh screen and escape windows were tested to improve their selectiveness. Background and Objectives: Two of the main natural enemies of bark beetles, Thanasimus formicarius (L.) and Temnoscheila caerulea (Olivier), are frequently trapped in high numbers in Ips sexdentatus (Böerner) pheromone traps, along with other saproxylic insects; this may lead to much larger pest populations in the successive 4–20 beetle generations. From 2016–2019, during I. sexdentatus mass-trapping in a pine forest of Tuscany (Italy), non-target catches were tallied. Trap modifications were evaluated to mitigate non-target catches, especially those concerning bark beetles’ natural enemies. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 bark-beetle slot traps were placed about 75 m apart in a pine stand infested by I. sexdentatus. Traps were baited with I. sexdentatus aggregation pheromone, whose main components are ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Catches were collected every 10 days from March to December. In 2019, 13 traps were modified by applying a 6-mm mesh screen on top of the collection container and by providing three 60 mm × 8 mm escape windows immediately above the screen. These “modified traps” and their captures were considered separately from the 12 remaining “standard traps.” All bark beetle species were recorded, as well as all beetle species > 8 mm. Results: Overall, target catches amounted for <10% of the total beetle catches. The most-collected species was the bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston. Trap modification allowed the escape of larger species, resulting in the reduction of the average size of caught specimens. Even though non-target catches among predators were still high, the proportion of major predators (T. formicarius and T. caerulea) to bark beetles showed a statistically significant reduction of predator catches in modified traps, an encouraging outcome. Conclusions: Trap modifications may mitigate the problem of non-target catches during mass trapping, especially reducing catches of beetle species larger than the target. However, the key is to schedule mass trapping only during those seasons when the target adults are more active than the main predator adults, thus limiting their catches and, consequently, the negative effects on pest management and biodiversity.

Wald und Klimawandel in der inneralpinen Trockenregion Visp

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (12) ◽  
pp. 481-492
Author(s):  
Andreas Rigling ◽  
Ché Elkin ◽  
Matthias Dobbertin ◽  
Britta Eilmann ◽  
Arnaud Giuggiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services

Forest and climate change in the inner-Alpine dry region of Visp Over the past decades, observed increases in temperature have been particularly pronounced in mountain regions. If this trend should continue in the 21st Century, frequency and intensity of droughts will increase, and will pose major challenges for forest management. Under current conditions drought-related tree mortality is already an important factor of forest ecosystems in dry inner-Alpine valleys. Here we assess the sensitivity of forest ecosystems to climate change and evaluate alternative forest management strategies in the Visp region. We integrate data from forest monitoring plots, field experiments and dynamic forests models to evaluate how the forest ecosystem services timber production, protection against natural hazards, carbon storage and biodiver-sity will be impacted. Our results suggest that at dry low elevation sites the drought tolerance of native tree species will be exceeded so that in the longer term a transition to more drought-adapted species should be considered. At medium elevations, drought and insect disturbances as by bark beetles are projected to be important for forest development, while at high elevations forests are projected to expand and grow better. All of the ecosystem services that we considered are projected to be impacted by changing forest conditions, with the specific impacts often being elevation-dependent. In the medium term, forest management that aims to increase the resilience of forests to drought can help maintain forest ecosystem services temporarily. However, our results suggest that relatively rigid management interventions are required to achieve significant effects. By using a combination of environmental monitoring, field experiments and modeling, we are able to gain insight into how forest ecosystem, and the services they provide, will respond to future changes.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Variability of Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Largest Water Tower Region Globally

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7529
Author(s):  
Siqi Sun ◽  
Yihe Lü ◽  
Da Lü ◽  
Cong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Restoration Planning ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Forests are critical ecosystems for environmental regulation and ecological security maintenance, especially at high altitudes that exhibit sensitivity to climate change and human activities. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—the world’s largest water tower region—has been breeding many large rivers in Asia where forests play important roles in water regulation and water quality improvement. However, the vulnerability of these forest ecosystems at the regional scale is still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this research is to quantitatively assess the temporal–spatial variability of forest vulnerability on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to illustrate the capacity of forests to withstand disturbances. Geographic information system (GIS) and the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) were used to develop a forest vulnerable index (FVI) to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems. This research incorporates 15 factors covering the natural context, environmental disturbances, and socioeconomic impact. Results indicate that the measure of vulnerability was unevenly distributed spatially across the study area, and the whole trend has intensified since 2000. The three factors that contribute the most to the vulnerability of natural contexts, environmental disturbances, and human impacts are slope aspect, landslides, and the distance to the farmland, respectively. The vulnerability is higher in forest areas with lower altitudes, steeper slopes, and southerly directions. These evaluation results can be helpful for forest management in high altitude water tower regions in the forms of forest conservation or restoration planning and implementation towards sustainable development goals.

scholarly journals Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Branislav Hroššo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Mária Potterf ◽  
Andrej Majdák ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

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