scholarly journals Tango: Declarative Semantics for Multiagent Communication Protocols

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munindar P. Singh ◽  
Samuel H. Christie V.
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Multiagent System ◽  
Communication Protocol ◽  
Integrity Constraints ◽  
Protocol Verification ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Verification Methods ◽  
Declarative Semantics ◽  
Parsimonious Models ◽  
A Current

A flexible communication protocol is necessary to build a decentralized multiagent system whose member agents are not coupled to each other's decision making. Information-based protocol languages capture a protocol in terms of causality and integrity constraints based on the information exchanged by the agents. Thus, they enable highly flexible enactments in which the agents proceed asynchronously and messages may be arbitrarily reordered. However, the existing semantics for such languages can produce a large number of protocol enactments, which makes verification of a protocol property intractable. This paper formulates a protocol semantics declaratively via inference rules that determine when a message emission or reception becomes enabled during an enactment, and its effect on the local state of an agent. The semantics enables heuristics for determining when alternative extensions of a current enactment would be equivalent, thereby helping produce parsimonious models and yielding improved protocol verification methods.

scholarly journals Responsible Leadership in Sport: An Ethical Dilemma

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Kathleen Rodenburg ◽  
Louise Hayes ◽  
Lianne Foti ◽  
Ann Pegoraro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Responsible Leadership ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sport Industry ◽  
A Current

Sports, apart from providing entertainment, can provide an escape from everyday troubles, a community to belong to, and an opportunity to connect to the wider world. As such, sports have contributed to the unification of people, the development of peace and tolerance, and the empowerment of women and young people globally. However, sports’ widespread popularity has also contributed to “big money” opportunities for sports organizations, sporting venues, athletes, and sponsors that have created an environment riddled with ethical dilemmas that make headlines, resulting in protests and violence, and often leave society more divided. A current ethical dilemma faced by agents associated with the Olympic games serves to demonstrate the magnitude and challenges related to resolving ethical dilemmas in the sport industry. A decision-making framework is applied to this current sport’s ethical dilemma, as an example of how better ethical decision making might be achieved.

Approach to dyspnoea in pregnancy in the COVID-19 era

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Anita Banerjee ◽  
◽  
Lindsay A Arrandale ◽  
Srividhya Sankaran ◽  
Guy W Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
First Case ◽  
Compromise Design ◽  
A Current ◽  
In Pregnancy

Importance: Dyspnoea and hypoxia in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic may be due to causes other than SARS Co-V-2 infection which should not be ignored. Shared decision-making regarding early delivery is paramount. Objective: To highlight and discuss the differential diagnoses of dyspnoea and hypoxia in pregnant women and to discuss the risks versus benefit of delivery for maternal compromise. Design, setting and participants: Case series of two pregnant women who presented with dyspnoea and hypoxia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Two pregnant women presented with dyspnoea and hypoxia. The first case had COVID-19 infection in the 3rd trimester. The second case had an exacerbation of asthma without concurrent COVID-19. Only the first case required intubation and delivery. Both recovered and were discharged home. Conclusion and relevance: Our two cases highlight the importance of making the correct diagnosis and timely decision-making to consider if delivery for maternal compromise is warranted. Whilst COVID-19 is a current healthcare concern other differential diagnoses must still be considered when pregnant women present with dyspnoea and hypoxia.

scholarly journals Decision-Making Framework For Small Business With Limited Available Capital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Around
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
General Level ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Financial Assessment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
A Current

In the world of business special attention is paid to entrepreneurs for their potential and large corporations for their impact on the market. Due to this, small businesses often fall short of resources and tools to help them grow. The aim of this dissertation is to introduce a framework for decision making to small businesses as a tool to help embed more structure into their organization. The framework was then applied to two distinct case studies to display its functionality and usefulness. The framework consists of several steps: 1) corporate plan and financial assessment 2) a current state analysis 3) a quantitative and mathematical feasibility study of the decision The framework in each case study resulted in an objective and qualified decision. It also suggests that, due to the unique structure and characteristics of each small business, the framework proposed would only be relevant and applicable on a general level and more work is required to refine the details in order to be able apply it universally to business entities with limited working capital.

scholarly journals MCDM-ECP: Multi Criteria Decision Making Method for Emergency Communication Protocol in Disaster Area Wireless Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Demin Li ◽  
Xiaolu Zhang ◽  
Yongsheng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Communication Protocol ◽  
Hybrid Network ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Emergency Communication ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Order Preference

Disaster Area Wireless Networks (DAWNs) are widely deployed in natural or man-made disaster scenes, since the communication infrastructure may be completely destroyed by the disaster. This paper proposes a hybrid network architecture for DAWNs due to the mobility of first responders and refugees. Based on the link characterization of DAWNs, we choose four essential criteria and propose a multi-criteria decision-making method for emergency communication protocol (MCDM-ECP), which utilizes the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to find the optimal next-hop node in DAWNs. Routing discovery and routing maintenance processes are included in the novel protocol. The simulation results show that MCDM-ECP performs better than other classical protocols both in energy consumption and packet received rate (PRR) for long-term emergency communications.

The Role of Analogies in Crisis Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Patrick Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Optimal Decision Making ◽  
Heuristic Devices ◽  
A Current

Analogical reasoning is a mode of thinking in which a current situation, person, or event is compared with something encountered in the past that appears “similar” to the analogizer. The 2020 Coronavirus crisis was often compared with the 1918 flu epidemic, for instance. In addition to reasoning across time, we can also reason across space, comparing a current case with something that has been encountered within a different geographical space. Sticking with the Coronavirus example, the management of the disease in one country was often compared with that in another, with favorable or unfavorable lessons being drawn. Analogical reasoning plays a major role in crisis decision-making, in large part because decisions made under such circumstances have to be taken in rapid (and, indeed, almost immediate) fashion. When this is the case, it is often tempting to conclude that “this time will resemble last time” or “this problem will resemble a situation confronted elsewhere.” But these analogies are drawn, and decisions are made, by individuals who must confront their own very human cognitive psychological limitations. Since analogies are essentially heuristic devices that cut short the process of informational search, they are usually seen as good enough but do not ensure optimal decision-making. Analogies are at a premium during crisis-like events, but their “bounded” nature means that their use will sometimes lead to errors in processing information. In particular, the drawing of an analogy often leads to an underestimation of ways in which the current crisis is “different” from the baseline event.

Decision Making in a Public Accounting Firm: An Instructional Case in Risk Evaluation, Client Continuance, and Auditor Independence within the Context of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrose Jones ◽  
Carolyn Strand Norman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Audit Risk ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Public Accounting Firms ◽  
A Current

The purpose of this case, loosely based on an actual auditor-client situation, is to study decision making by auditors in public accounting firms regarding risk management (business, engagement, and audit risk), client continuance, and auditor independence. Audit partners often face difficult decisions for which they must balance the business objectives of the firm with their professional objective of satisfying the public interest. While most studies and cases focus on client-acceptance decisions (e.g., Johnstone 2000; Gendron 2002; Knapp and Knapp 2004), an equally important decision for public accounting firms in the Sarbanes-Oxley era is whether to keep a current client. This case encourages students to consider the decision with respect to client continuance, auditor independence, and risk evaluation.

Using Temporal Versioning and Integrity Constraints for Updating Geographic Databases and Maintaining Their Consistency

2016 ◽  
pp. 1137-1167
Author(s):  
Wassim Jaziri ◽  
Najla Sassi ◽  
Dhouha Damak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Integrity Constraints ◽  
Evolution Process ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Geographic Databases ◽  
Integrity Checking ◽  
Spatial Decision Making ◽  
Over Time

The use of geographic data has become a widespread concern, mainly within applications related to spatial planning and spatial decision-making. Therefore, changing environments require databases adaptable to changes that occur over time. Thus, supporting geographic information evolution is essential and extremely important within changing environments. The evolution is expressed in the geographic database by series of update operations that should maintain its consistency. This paper proposes an approach for updating geographic databases, based on update operators and algorithms of constraints integrity checking. Temporal versioning is used to keep the track of changes. Every version presents the state of the geographic database at a given time. Algorithms of constraints integrity checking allow maintaining the database consistency upon its update. To implement our approach and assist users in the evolution process, the GeoVersioning tool is developed and tested on a sample geographic database.

Driver-like decision-making method for vehicle longitudinal autonomous driving based on deep reinforcement learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110630
Author(s):  
Zhenhai Gao ◽  
Xiangtong Yan ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Lei He
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Reward Function ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Reward Functions ◽  
A Current ◽  
Better Than

Decision-making is one of the key parts of the research on vehicle longitudinal autonomous driving. Considering the behavior of human drivers when designing autonomous driving decision-making strategies is a current research hotspot. In longitudinal autonomous driving decision-making strategies, traditional rule-based decision-making strategies are difficult to apply to complex scenarios. Current decision-making methods that use reinforcement learning and deep reinforcement learning construct reward functions designed with safety, comfort, and economy. Compared with human drivers, the obtained decision strategies still have big gaps. Focusing on the above problems, this paper uses the driver’s behavior data to design the reward function of the deep reinforcement learning algorithm through BP neural network fitting, and uses the deep reinforcement learning DQN algorithm and the DDPG algorithm to establish two driver-like longitudinal autonomous driving decision-making models. The simulation experiment compares the decision-making effect of the two models with the driver curve. The results shows that the two algorithms can realize driver-like decision-making, and the consistency of the DDPG algorithm and human driver behavior is higher than that of the DQN algorithm, the effect of the DDPG algorithm is better than the DQN algorithm.

DATA CRYSTALLIZATION: CHANCE DISCOVERY EXTENDED FOR DEALING WITH UNOBSERVABLE EVENTS

2005 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 373-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUKIO OHSAWA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Real World ◽  
Structured Data ◽  
Chance Discovery ◽  
The Real ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Granularity Level ◽  
The Given ◽  
A Current

This paper introduces the concept of chance discovery, i.e. discovery of an event significant for decision making. Then, this paper also presents a current research project on data crystallization, which is an extension of chance discovery. The need for data crystallization is that only the observable part of the real world can be stored in data. For such scattered, i.e. incomplete and ill-structured data, data crystallizing aims at presenting the hidden structure among events including unobservable ones. This is realized with a tool which inserts dummy items, corresponding to unobservable but significant events, to the given data on past events. The existence of these unobservable events and their relations with other events are visualized with KeyGraph, showing events by nodes and their relations by links, on the data with inserted dummy items. This visualization is iterated with gradually increasing the number of links in the graph. This process is similar to the crystallization of snow with gradual decrease in the air temperature. For tuning the granularity level of structure to be visualized, this tool is integrated with human's process of chance discovery. This basic method is expected to be applicable for various real world domains where chance-discovery methods have been applied.

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