scholarly journals Surface Basins Evaluation of the Southern Desert, West Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 2272-2285
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Ali ◽  
Kamal K. Ali ◽  
Ayser M. Al-Shamma'a
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
West Iraq ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Stream Direction

 The results of the present study show that the highest elevation point is (912) meters (a.s.l.) inside Wadi Al-Khur basin while the lowest elevation point is (6) meters (a.s.l.) inside Wadi Abu-Talha basin. The biggest catchment area is represented by Wadi Al-Khur (48840 km²) whereas the smallest catchment area is Wadi Taqtaq (1748 km²). The stream direction of all streams trends from South-West towards North-East. The soil available water capacity (AWC) (Moisture Deficit) in the studied area was15 mm. The average annual rainfall was133.11 mm, the average annual temperature was 25.65 Co, the total depth amount of E Apanwas 3691.85 mm/year, the relative humidity was 40 %, the average annual sunshine is 7.9 hrs., and the average annual wind speed is 2.7 m/s. The water surplus of the total studied area 46800 km) was about 488.592 m³⁄year, while the runoff amount was about 442.190 m³ ⁄year.

A Late Stone Age Site in the Erongo Mountains South West Africa

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Desmond Clark ◽  
James Walton
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Stone Age ◽  
South West ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
Organic Remains

The main object of this paper is to draw attention to the existence of Late Stone Age sites in South West Africa where perishable organic remains are preserved, and in particular to the ‘Big Elephant Cave’, discovered by Dr E. R. Scherz in the Erongo Mountains.These lie some 10 to 15 miles north-north-east of Usakos, at approximately 21° 40′ S., 15° 40′ E., in a region of open grass steppe with stands of thornbush, mainly Acacia, with low sclerophytic scrub supported by an annual rainfall of between 150–200 millimetres. These mountains rest on Basement Complex rocks and consist of Karroo sediments through which have been introduced granites of post-Karroo Age. The western face of the Erongo forms the edge of the plateau escarpment, and looks out to the Namib Desert and the Atlantic Ocean.The cave, to which we were conducted in May, 1959, by Dr Scherz, is situated in a commanding position on a kopje of rounded granite boulders near Ameib. It was first shown by its discoverer to the Abbé Henri Breuil when he was copying the Erongo rock paintings, but no study of the settlement was made and it was not revisited in the interim. Although the name ‘Big Elephant Cave’ has been adopted from Dr Scherz, it is, in fact, a deep rockshelter rather than a cave. It contains no paintings, but a line of male and female figures, in faded red paint, is drawn low down on a protected rock at the north side of the kopje. These have been published by the Abbé Breuil.

scholarly journals Variability and Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data of Shillong and Agartala Stations of North East India

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Mirbana Lusick K. Sangma ◽  
Hamtoiti Reang ◽  
G. T. Patle ◽  
P. P. Dabral
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
Total Annual Rainfall ◽  
Sw Monsoon

This paper discusses the variability in rainfall and trend analysis of annual and seasonal rainfall time series of Shillong and Agartala stations located in the north-east region of India. Commonly used non-parametric statistical methods namely Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator was used to analyse the seasonal and annual rainfall time series. Statistical analysis showed less variation in annual and south-west monsoon rainfall for both Shillong and Agartala stations. In the total annual rainfall, the share of south-west (SW) monsoon, north-east (NE) monsoon, winter season and summer season rainfall was observed 64.60%, 13.22%, 1.40% and 20.80%, respectively for Shillong station of Meghalaya state. However, the contribution of SW monsoon, NE monsoon, winter season and summer season rainfall in the total annual rainfall was 59.59%, 9.55%, 1.14% and 29.72%, respectively for Agartala station of Tripura state. Non-significant increasing trends of rainfall was observed by 4.54 mm/year, 2.80 mm/year and 2.54 mm/year for annual, SW monsoon, and summer season, whereas, non-significant decreasing trends in rainfall for NE monsoon and winter season was observed with a magnitude of 1.83 mm/year and 1.63 mm/year for Shillong, Meghalaya during 1992 to 2017. Results also revealed that rainfall increased by 1.07 mm/year and 0.18 mm/year in SW monsoon and winter season whereas, rainfall decreased by 7.64 mm/year, 2.58 mm/year and 1.29 mm/year during annual, NE monsoon and summer season non-significantly during 1995 to 2019 in case of Agartala. The findings of present study will be useful for water management and crop planning in hill agriculture of Meghalaya and Tripura state of India.

scholarly journals Rainfall Analysis of Vrishabhavathi Valley in Bengaluru Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9287-9290
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Flood Prediction ◽  
Rainfall Analysis ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Monsoon

Vrishabhavathi valley is a part of river Arkavathi. It covers parts of Bengaluru Urban and Ramanagara districts with an area of 381.46 sq. kms. Due to rapid urbanization in Bengaluru lot of pervious strata is converted into non-pervious concrete or asphalt surfaces. Rainfall is a major event, which is resulting flood in Bengaluru city. Recently observed heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization, encroachment of streams and water bodies are the major causes of flooding in Bengaluru. Disturbance to human activities and damages to properties has been observed in Vrishabhavathi valley region due to heavy rainfall especially in heavy rain events. Rainfall data analysis has been carried out statistically and graphically on Vrishabhavathi valley from 1970 to 2018. Rainfall analysis was made on converting daily rainfall data to monthly average data and seasonal analysis of rainfall has made for three different monsoon seasons Pre- monsoon, South- West and North- East monsoon, distribution and frequency of rainfall has been analyzed and results are represented graphically. From the annual rainfall study it is observed that less rainfall variations till 1990 and rainfall pattern seem to be increasing constantly from 1990’s onwards till 2018, particularly in the months of August, September and October. The rainfall contribution during south-west monsoon is almost equal to 50% of total annual rainfall. Rainfall analysis is essential to develop appropriate flood prediction models utilizing latest rainfall data collected (KSNDMC Telemetric station data) and available geospatial data to address the issues of urban flood observed in many locations in Vrishabhavathi valley region and in Bengaluru.

scholarly journals CARDRONA VALLEY: ENVIRONMENTAL HARMONY AND COMMERCIAL SUCCESS

1987 ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
John A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
East End ◽  
Rich History

Cardrona Valley is 40 km long, running in a north/east, south/west direction. It is 30,000 hectares in area, with a native plant cover of silver tussock and matagouri, running into blue tussock and snow grass as you ascend the valley sides. Annual rainfall averages 600 mm on the valley floor, and altitude increases from 300 metres at the north/east end to 1100 metres at the south/west. The mountain peaks along the valley sides reach an altitude of 1900 metres. Cardrona is a valley that normally has long, hot, dry summers and in winter the snow line is down to 900 metres. Several snow falls cover the whole valley, but remains only a few days on the valley floor. Cardrona is a pleasant valley, sheltered from the prevailing winds by its aspect. It has no geographical features that are unique, and nor do the plant species lack cousins throughout Central Otago. Man's activities have impacted on the valley in many ways over the years and yet it has lost none of its appeal. It is as well clad as it ever was, and we are given the past's fascinating rich history to build on into the future.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Rainfall Variability using GIS Approach in Trichy District of Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-897
Author(s):  
P. Ponnuchakkammal P. Ponnuchakkammal ◽  
B. Violet Joy ◽  
P. Aravind ◽  
A. Raviraj A. Raviraj
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Monsoon ◽  
West Monsoon

Precipitation is one of the transportation components in hydrological cycle. The magnitude of precipitation swings with time and space. Majorly India receives precipitation in the form of rainfall. Precipitation plays a key role in the rainfed agriculture. The present study deals with the rainfall characteristics of Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu. Seasonal rainfall data from eighteen rain gauge stations (1971-2012) have been taken for analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall pattern of Tiruchirappalli district. Mean rainfall of the district is about 696 mm. The highest rainfall of 1247 mm recorded in the year 2005 and the lowest precipitation of 227 mm recorded in the year 1976. About 48 percent and 35 percent of the rainfall received in North East and South West Monsoon, respectively. Spatial rainfall distribution was studied with the help of Kriging interpolation technique and respective maps were prepared with Geographical Information System. The percentage departure of annual rainfall is classified under the category of excess, normal and large excess category. South East and central part of Tiruchirappalli receives moderate to low rainfall. North East parts of Tiruchirappalli district such as pullambadi, Lalgudi and nearby areas received maximum rainfall during North East Monsoon and South West Monsoon. In winter season Manapparai and Vaiyampatti region received more rainfall while in summer season Thottiam and Mayanur area received more rainfall. The two major highlighted crops in Trichy district are Banana and Onion. Tiruchirappalli district is one of the Banana growing belts in Tamil Nadu. Spatial distribution of rainfall maps will be helpful to form a crop plan for different crops to increase the agricultural productivity of Tiruchirappalli district and to ensure the food security.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERSOWN TUSSOCK COUNTRY

1966 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
R.M. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
State Highway ◽  
South West

MORVEN HILLS is situated 42 miles north-east of Cromwell on the Cromwell-Timaru state highway. The aspect of the country is one-third south-west, and the remainder northeast to north-west. Altitude ranges from 1,500 to 5,500 ft a.s.1. Annual rainfall is approximately 22 in. but appears to be increasing. The area of Morven Hills is 35,000 acres of which 3,500 have been oversown, nearly all with seed as well as super-phosphate.

scholarly journals Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisions of India : An analysis of trend and chaotic behaviour of rainfall in different seasons

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-636
Author(s):  
BASAK PIJUSH
Keyword(s):  
Lyapunov Exponent ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Chaotic Behaviour ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Monsoon ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
West Monsoon

The aim of the study is to understand trend or non-linearity along with a chaotic behaviour, if any, of Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisional rainfall, namely Orissa, Gangetic West Bengal, Sub Himalayan West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya and also Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura based on rainfall data of 143 years (1871-2013). The analysis is performed for examining behaviour of rainfall in each of the seasons, namely, Pre monsoon, South West monsoon, North East monsoon and also Annual rainfall extracted from the monthly data. For that purpose, a trend analysis with Hurst Exponent and non-linearity analysis with Lyapunov Exponent are employed. The analysis revealed that rainfall of Orissa is persistent for all the seasons whilst the rainfall is persistent in Gangetic West Bengal in Pre monsoon and North East monsoon and Assam and Meghalaya along with Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura exhibit persistent behaviour in South West Monsoon and annually. Sub Himalayan West Bengal exhibit persistence in annual rainfall only. Chaotic tendency in low magnitude is located in many cases whilst non-chaotic situation has occurred when the persistence is found, mainly in pre-monsoon season. Moreover, the analysis of Hurst and Lyapunov Exponent revealed to identify two groups of sub-divisions with exactly similar region of every respect. Those two groups contain (i) sub-divisions Orissa and Assam and Meghalaya and also (ii) sub-divisions Sub Himalayan West Bengal and Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura although those are at distances of hundreds of kilometers away. The behaviour of those subdivisions in a group has similar behaviour in all respects.

The Metamorphosed Limestones and Associated Contaminated Igneous Rocks of the Carlingford District, Co. Louth

1932 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 209-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
The South ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Igneous Complex ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Carboniferous Limestone ◽  
Contamination Effects

THE Carlingford-Barnave district falls within the boundaries of Sheet 71 of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, and forms part of a broad promontory lying between Carlingford Lough on the north-east and Dundalk Bay on the south-west. The greater part of this promontory is made up of an igneous complex of Tertiary age which has invaded the Silurian slates and quartzites and the Carboniferous Limestone Series. This complex has not yet been investigated in detail, but for the purposes of the present paper certain references to it are necessary, and these are made below. The prevalence of hybrid-relations and contamination-effects between the basic and acid igneous rocks of the region is a very marked feature, and because of this it has been difficult at times to decide which types have been responsible for the various stages of the metamorphism.

scholarly journals The United Kingdom Meteorological Office rainfall and evaporation calculation system: MORECS version 2.0-an overview

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Hough ◽  
R. J. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Available Water Capacity ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Calculation System ◽  
New System

Abstract. The operational system known as MORECS which provides estimates of evaporation, soil moisture deficit and effective precipitation under British climatic conditions has been revised as version 2.0. An overview of the new system is described with emphasis on the new additions. The major changes from the older version (Thomson, Barrie and Ayles, 1981) include the introduction of the crop oil-seed rape, a revised treatment of soils and available water capacity and a land use data base which is representative of the 1990s.

2. Communication relative to the Fresh-Water Limestone of Burdiehouse, near Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous Group of Rocks

1845 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 33-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hibbert
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
The Common ◽  
Firth Of Forth ◽  
Carboniferous Limestone

In his paper, the author explains that the limestone in question, which is confounded with the common carboniferous or mountain limestone of marine origin, is, in his opinion, of fresh-water origin.On an irregular line extending from Joppa on the coast of the Firth of Forth, in a south and south-west direction to the Pentland Hills, strata of mountain or carboniferous limestone crop out at intervals; and their marine origin is indicated by encrinites, the Productus, &c., and corallines. This limestone is developed with least interruption between Edmonstone and Muirhouse, where it is from twelve to twenty feet thick. At this part of the line may be seen fractures and elevations of the strata of limestone and superincumbent shale and sandstone, evidently occasioned by a sudden and violent uplifting force acting from north-east to south-west, and causing the uplifted strata to dip south-east at an angle of 25°. These uplifted beds, between Edmonstone and Muirhouse, and subsequently to Burdiehouse, form the strata which dip under the coalmeasures of Gilmerton, Loanhead, and other sites.

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