Design, fabrication and evaluation of microemulsion based gel of essential oil of thymus vulgaris for superficial fungal infections

Although fungus being part of the commensal skin micro-structuring, various pathogenic commensals colonizes on human skin leading to superficial fungal infections. Owing to the resistance of present therapeutic treatments available, microbial resistance and serious hypoallergic reactions have been a concern to explore the phyto-therapeutic nutrients for treatment of fungal infections. One such plant essential oil-based formulation is thyme oil derived from the leaves of thymus vulgaris. The aim of present work i.e. development of thyme oil based microemulsion for treatment of fungal infections due to candida and trichophyton species. The thyme oil loaded microemulsion based gel was constructed using D-optimal design and the optimized final formulation contains 0.82% of oil, 9.22% of Smix and 89.95% of water. The optimized microemulsions was pale yellow to amber transparent microemulsion with globule size of 14.23 ± 0.3 nm, zeta potential of -0.69 mV and PDI value 0.00143 indicating a stable microemulsion. The microemulsion based gel formed had a pH of 6.03, appreciable viscosity and rheological properties. The drug release of formulation was 100.0 ± 0.22%. The % of drug permeated in skin layers was found to be 15.53 ± 0.22%. While % drug retention on the skin surface was found to be 26.32 ± 0.26% and within skin layers was found to be 58.47 ± 0.22%. The microemulsion based MBG was found to be safe on the dermis and efficacious then the marketed product and hence, promises its utilization as a safe and efficacious formulation for treatment of dermal infections.

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Antifungal potential of thyme essential oil as a preservative for storage of wheat seeds

Acta Botanica Croatica ◽

10.1515/botcro-2016-0044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sabina Anžlovar ◽

Matevž Likar ◽

Jasna Dolenc Koce

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Surface Sterilization ◽

Thyme Essential Oil ◽

Indirect Treatment ◽

Grain Surface

AbstractPlant essential oils are potential food preservatives due to their inhibitory effects on bacterial and fungal growth. Antifungal activities of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil were tested against endophytic fungi grown from wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain, molecularly identified as Alternaria alternata, Alternaria infectoria, Aspergillus flavus, Epicoccum nigrum and Fusarium poae. Their susceptibility to thyme essential oil was tested in vitro, and ranged from fungicidal to fungistatic. Treatment combinations of prior grain surface sterilization with hypochlorite and direct/indirect treatment with the essential oil were used, which showed strong effects on infection incidence and germination. Direct soaking of the wheat grain in the essential oil was particularly effective, but inhibited both fungal growth and seed germination. In contrast, indirect treatment of the grain with the essential oil (i.e., fumigation) inhibited fungal growth without negative effects on seed germination. In combination with grain surface sterilization with hypochlorite, indirect treatment with thyme essential oil reduced these fungal infections even more. Since thyme essential oil is safe for plants and consumers, in the form of fumigation it could be used as a protectant of storage containers for wheat grain intended for sowing and for food production.

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Synthesis, Controlled Release, and Stability on Storage of Chitosan-Thyme Essential Oil Nanocapsules for Food Applications

Gels ◽

10.3390/gels7040212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 212

Author(s):

Ricardo M. González-Reza ◽

Humberto Hernández-Sánchez ◽

David Quintanar-Guerrero ◽

Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán ◽

Yair Cruz-Narváez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Release Kinetic ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Thyme Essential Oil

The nanoencapsulation of thyme essential oil has been greatly important in food science, given its remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. However, its analysis in storage has not been established in terms of physical stability, antioxidant capacity, and release studies. In this paper, chitosan-thyme oil nanocapsules were prepared by the ionic gelation method. These were characterized for differential calorimetry, release kinetic, and infrared spectroscopy. The chitosan-thyme oil nanocapsules were stored at 4 and 25 °C for 5 weeks, the changes in particle size, zeta potential, stability (diffuse reflectance), and antioxidant capacity were analyzed and associated with nanocapsules’ functionality. The results show that the storage time and temperature significantly modify the particle size (keeping the nano-size throughout the storage), the release of the bioactive was Fickian with t0.193 according to Korsmery & Peppas and best described by Higuchi model associated with changes in the zeta potential from 8 mV to −11 mV at 4 °C. The differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy results confirm the good integration of the components. The antioxidant capacity revealed a direct relationship with residual oil concentration with a decrease in the ABTS test of 15% at 4 °C and 37% at 25 °C. The residual bioactive content was 77% at 4 °C and 62% at 25 °C, confirming nanoencapsulation effectiveness. The present investigation provides helpful information so that these systems can be applied in food conservation.

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Toxic, Oviposition Deterrent and Oxidative Stress Effects of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil against Acanthoscelides obtectus

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11090563 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 563

Author(s):

Jelica Lazarević ◽

Stojan Jevremović ◽

Igor Kostić ◽

Miroslav Kostić ◽

Ana Vuleta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Adult Survival ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Contact Toxicity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Acanthoscelides Obtectus ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Protein Thiols

The bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) can cause significant losses in production of its primary host common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. To avoid bean protection with environmentally risky chemical insecticides and provide sustainable and safe production of food, new pest management methods based on natural compounds are investigated. In the present study, we evaluated protective potential of the essential oil (EO) from the common thyme Thymus vulgaris L. applied on bean seeds. We assessed residual contact toxicity of thyme EO and its effects on A. obtectus longevity, oviposition and adult emergence. Furthermore, to elucidate the role of oxidative stress in thyme EO toxicity, we estimated the levels of oxidatively damaged proteins and lipids, as well as the level of thiols which have important role for antioxidant capacity. We found that thyme oil significantly reduced adult survival and longevity, induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and depleted protein and non-protein thiols in a concentration-dependent manner. Females appeared to be more tolerant to thyme oil treatment than males. Sublethal EO concentrations affected oxidative stress indices, deterred oviposition and strongly inhibited adult emergence. The results suggest that thyme oil has the potential to be used as an ecofriendly insecticide for A. obtectus control.

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Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Algerian Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200435 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wafae Abdelli ◽

Fouad Bahri ◽

Abderrahmane Romane ◽

Martina Höferl ◽

Juergen Wanner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Total Oil

This work aims to elucidate the chemical composition of two essential oil (EO) samples obtained from the leaves of Thymus vulgaris L. ( Lamiaceae) collected in two regions of Northwestern Algeria (Tlemcen and Mostaganem) and to assess their in vivo acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. Sixty-six compounds could be identified by means of simultaneous GC-FID and GC-MS, accounting for 99.3% of total thyme oil of Mostaganem (EO.TM) and 99.0% of Tlemcen (EO.TT). In both samples, thymol was the major component, amounting to 59.5% (EO.TM) and 67.3% (EO.TT) of the total oil. EO.TT proved to be acutely toxic to mice at a dose of 4500 mg/kg p.o., whereas EO.TM did not show signs of acute toxicity, even at the highest dose tested (5000 mg/kg p.o.). Both EO samples were proven to possess anti-inflammatory activities, significantly reducing carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (after 6 hours at a dose of 400 mg/kg p.o) at 58.4% for EO.TT and 50.4% for EO.TM, respectively. In conclusion, it could be demonstrated that EOs of T. vulgaris exhibit a considerable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity at non-toxic doses.

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In Vitro Antifungal and Topical Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Essential Oil from Wild-Growing Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) Used for Medicinal Purposes in Algeria: A New Source of Carvacrol

Scientia Pharmaceutica ◽

10.3390/scipharm88030033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem ◽

Noureldien H. E. Darwish ◽

Thangirala Sudha ◽

Siham Bahlouli ◽

Dahbia Kellou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Positive Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The aim of this study is to investigate the Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) as an antifungal agent in aromatherapy and/or as an active ingredient in the prevention or management of topical inflammatory diseases. The chemical composition of TVEO was determined with gas chromatography and revealed the presence of 25 compounds. Carvacrol was found to be the major component (56.8%). Antifungal action of TVEO was determined in vitro by using different methods. By the disc diffusion method, TVEO showed more potent antifungal activity against Candida strains than the positive control. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) varied from 34 to 60 mm for Candida yeasts. Significantly higher antifungal activity was observed in the vapor phase at lower quantities. Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were the most susceptible strains to the oil vapor with DIZ varying from 35 to 90 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of yeast were determined with an agar dilution method and revealed that MIC varied from 0.3 to 0.15 µL/mL for yeast species. The topical anti-inflammatory potential of TVEO was also explored in vivo with the croton oil-induced ear edema assay. TVEO exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory effect at all doses (100, 10 and 2 mg/kg), which were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to the positive control. This activity was also confirmed at the cellular level with histopathology analysis. Our results suggest the potential application of this carvacrol-rich TVEO in the prevention and management of fungal infections and topical inflammation and deserve further investigation for clinical applications. Furthermore, while the mode of action remains mainly undetermined and should be studied.

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Incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of PCL with essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus in bacterial cellulose

International Journal of Advances in Medical Biotechnology - IJAMB ◽

10.25061/2595-3931/ijamb/2018.v1i2.18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Aline Krindges ◽

Vanusca Dalosto Jahno ◽

Fernando Morisso

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Static Culture ◽

Cymbopogon Nardus ◽

Cellulose Membranes

Incorporation studies of particles in different substrates with herbal assets growing. The objective of this work was the preparation and characterization of micro/nanoparticles containing cymbopogon nardus essential oil; and the incorporation of them on bacterial cellulose. For the development of the membranes was used the static culture medium and for the preparation of micro/nanoparticles was used the nanoprecipitation methodology. The incorporation of micro/nanoparticles was performed on samples of bacterial cellulose in wet and dry form. For the characterization of micro/nanoparticles were carried out analysis of SEM, zeta potential and particle size. For the verification of the incorporation of particulate matter in cellulose, analyses were conducted of SEM and FTIR. The results showed that it is possible the production and incorporation of micro/nanoparticles containing essential oil in bacterial cellulose membranes in wet form with ethanol.

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Essential oil of thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.], thymol type

10.3403/30303631 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Thymus Zygis

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Optimization and Characterization of Aqueous Micellar Formulations for Ocular Delivery of an Antifungal Drug, Posaconazole

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200313172207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 1543-1555 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Meltem E. Durgun ◽

Emine Kahraman ◽

Sevgi Güngör ◽

Yıldız Özsoy

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Pluronic F127 ◽

Glycol Succinate ◽

Vitro Release

Background: Topical therapy is preferred for the management of ocular fungal infections due to its superiorities which include overcoming potential systemic side effects risk of drugs, and targeting of drugs to the site of disease. However, the optimization of effective ocular formulations has always been a major challenge due to restrictions of ocular barriers and physiological conditions. Posaconazole, an antifungal and highly lipophilic agent with broad-spectrum, has been used topically as off-label in the treatment of ocular fungal infections due to its highly lipophilic character. Micellar carriers have the potential to improve the solubility of lipophilic drugs and, overcome ocular barriers. Objective: In the current study, it was aimed optimization of posaconazole loaded micellar formulations to improve aqueous solubility of posaconazole and to characterize the formulations and to investigate the physical stability of these formulations at room temperature (25°C, 60% RH), and accelerated stability (40°C, 75% RH) conditions. Method: Micelles were prepared using a thin-film hydration method. Pre-formulation studies were firstly performed to optimize polymer/surfactant type and to determine their concentration in the formulations. Then, particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential of the micellar formulations were measured by ZetaSizer Nano-ZS. The drug encapsulation efficiency of the micelles was quantified by HPLC. The morphology of the micelles was depicted by AFM. The stability of optimized micelles was evaluated in terms of particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, drug amount and pH for 180 days. In vitro release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Results: Pre-formulation studies indicated that single D-ɑ-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), a combination of it and Pluronic F127/Pluronic F68 are capable of formation of posaconazole loaded micelles at specific concentrations. Optimized micelles with high encapsulation efficiency were less than 20 nm, approximately neutral, stable, and in aspherical shape. Additionally, in vitro release data showed that the release of posaconazole from the micelles was higher than that of suspension. Conclusion: The results revealed that the optimized micellar formulation of posaconazole offers a potential approach for topical ocular administration.

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