Synthesis, Controlled Release, and Stability on Storage of Chitosan-Thyme Essential Oil Nanocapsules for Food Applications

The nanoencapsulation of thyme essential oil has been greatly important in food science, given its remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. However, its analysis in storage has not been established in terms of physical stability, antioxidant capacity, and release studies. In this paper, chitosan-thyme oil nanocapsules were prepared by the ionic gelation method. These were characterized for differential calorimetry, release kinetic, and infrared spectroscopy. The chitosan-thyme oil nanocapsules were stored at 4 and 25 °C for 5 weeks, the changes in particle size, zeta potential, stability (diffuse reflectance), and antioxidant capacity were analyzed and associated with nanocapsules’ functionality. The results show that the storage time and temperature significantly modify the particle size (keeping the nano-size throughout the storage), the release of the bioactive was Fickian with t0.193 according to Korsmery & Peppas and best described by Higuchi model associated with changes in the zeta potential from 8 mV to −11 mV at 4 °C. The differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy results confirm the good integration of the components. The antioxidant capacity revealed a direct relationship with residual oil concentration with a decrease in the ABTS test of 15% at 4 °C and 37% at 25 °C. The residual bioactive content was 77% at 4 °C and 62% at 25 °C, confirming nanoencapsulation effectiveness. The present investigation provides helpful information so that these systems can be applied in food conservation.

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Influence of Stabilizing and Encapsulating Polymers on Antioxidant Capacity, Stability, and Kinetic Release of Thyme Essential Oil Nanocapsules

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9121884 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1884

Author(s):

Ricardo M. González-Reza ◽

Humberto Hernández-Sánchez ◽

Maria L. Zambrano-Zaragoza ◽

Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López ◽

Alicia Del-Real ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Infrared Spectra ◽

Diffuse Reflectance ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Thyme Essential Oil ◽

Polymeric Nanocapsules

The release kinetics, stability, and antioxidant capacity of thyme essential oil polymeric nanocapsules as a function of encapsulating (poly-ε-caprolactone and ethylcellulose) and stabilizing (polyvinyl alcohol and Pluronic® F-127) polymers were established. Samples were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, release kinetics, calorimetry, infrared spectra, antioxidant capacity, and diffuse reflectance. The particle size obtained was below 500 nm in all cases, ensuring nanometric size. Zeta potential as a function of the stabilizing polymer. Encapsulation efficiency was higher in the samples that contained ethyl cellulose (around 70%), associated with its affinity for the molecules contained in the essential oil. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a strong dependence on the encapsulating polymers as a function of the melting temperatures obtained. Infrared spectra confirmed that the polymeric nanocapsules had the typical bands of the aromatic groups of thyme essential oil. The antioxidant capacity evaluated is a function exclusively of the active content in the nucleolus of the nanocapsules. Nanoencapsulation was not a significant factor. Diffuse reflectance revealed high physical stability of the dispersions related directly to the particle size and zeta potential obtained (either by ionic or steric effect). These findings confirm favorable characteristics that allow proposing these systems for potential applications in food processing and preservation.

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Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan microparticles with thyme essential oil

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind140415048p ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 721-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Danijela Pecarski ◽

Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic ◽

Suzana Dimitrijevic-Brankovic ◽

Katarina Mihajilovski ◽

Slobodan Jankovic

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Chitosan Microparticles ◽

Thyme Essential Oil

Considering the therapeutic effects of formulations with violate essential oils, development of an available drug delivery system is of great interest, especially assuming the fact that using essential oils as antimicrobial agents is a rather expanded in antimicrobial therapy nowadays. In this work, chitosan microparticles with encapsulated thyme essential oil were prepared by the emulsion cross-linking method. The effect of thyme oil and glutaraldehyde initial concentrations on particle size, morphology, and particle size distribution was investigated. In addition, the influence of these parameters on the encapsulation of thyme oil in chitosan microparticles, concerning thyme oil loadings and encapsulation efficiency was also tested. The particles showed a spherical shape with an average diameter from 4.71?1.42 to 13.65?4.34 m, depending on the concentration of the essential oil and glutaraldehyde that were used. The diameter of microparticles appeared to increase with increasing the thyme essential oil concentration, and decreased with the increase of glutaraldehyde concentration. It was shown that the concentration of glutaraldehyde did not affect the degree of encapsulation, but the increase in the initial concentration of thyme oil increased the degree of encapsulation of this essential oil in chitosan microparticles. All particles containing thyme essential oil, as well as essential oil of thyme itself showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Esherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 24433, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 25929. This study showed a great potential of the use of thyme essential oil as an antimicrobial agent, especially when encapsulated in a drug delivery system with controlled release of the active antimicrobial component.

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Incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of PCL with essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus in bacterial cellulose

International Journal of Advances in Medical Biotechnology - IJAMB ◽

10.25061/2595-3931/ijamb/2018.v1i2.18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Aline Krindges ◽

Vanusca Dalosto Jahno ◽

Fernando Morisso

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Static Culture ◽

Cymbopogon Nardus ◽

Cellulose Membranes

Incorporation studies of particles in different substrates with herbal assets growing. The objective of this work was the preparation and characterization of micro/nanoparticles containing cymbopogon nardus essential oil; and the incorporation of them on bacterial cellulose. For the development of the membranes was used the static culture medium and for the preparation of micro/nanoparticles was used the nanoprecipitation methodology. The incorporation of micro/nanoparticles was performed on samples of bacterial cellulose in wet and dry form. For the characterization of micro/nanoparticles were carried out analysis of SEM, zeta potential and particle size. For the verification of the incorporation of particulate matter in cellulose, analyses were conducted of SEM and FTIR. The results showed that it is possible the production and incorporation of micro/nanoparticles containing essential oil in bacterial cellulose membranes in wet form with ethanol.

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Potential food additive of Boswellia carterii essential oil encapsulated within gum arabic: a particle size distribution and zeta potential analysis

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(s2).339 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (S2) ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

M.S. Barre ◽

F.B. Ali ◽

M.E.S. Mirghani ◽

N.F. Hazri ◽

H. Anuar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Food Additive ◽

Acacia Senegal ◽

Production Chain ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Product Gas ◽

Boswellia Carterii

Boswellia carterii (BC) {Burseraceae family} essential oil (EO) were extracted by hydrodistillation process. Gum Arabic (GA) {Acacia senegal} polymer particles containing a BCEO were prepared by spray drying technique. The mean particle size and its distribution, as well as the zeta-potential of the microcapsules, were analyzed and found Z-Average 382±203nm, PDI 0.77±0.3, ZP-25±2.73mV, respectively. Product encapsulation efficiency (EE %) was found at 75±0.8%. The surface morphology of the particles was obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, particles moisture content was analyzed by the oven drying method. The efficiency of encapsulation (EE %) was estimated by specifying the content of essential oil in the product. Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) analysis of EO has been performed to determine the chemical compounds and their prevalence concentrations respectively. The composition of initial essential oil (added in the emulsion) and the encapsulated essential oil (extracted from spray dried powder) were analyzed and compared. The outcome of the research encourages the high potentiality and usefulness of the product in the food industries sector as a food additive agent, moreover, it suggests for further research to unravel potential implementation of BCEO microcapsules in the food production chain

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pH-Responsive Liposomes of Dioleoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine and Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate for the Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Cisplatin

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics14010129 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Hassan Shah ◽

Asadullah Madni ◽

Muhammad Muzamil Khan ◽

Fiaz-ud-Din Ahmad ◽

Nasrullah Jan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Release Rate ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽

Ph Responsive ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate ◽

Vitro Release

The current study aimed to develop pH-responsive cisplatin-loaded liposomes (CDDP@PLs) via the thin film hydration method. Formulations with varied ratios of dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) to cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) were investigated to obtain the optimal particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and stability. The particle size of the CDDP@PLs was in the range of 153.2 ± 3.08–206.4 ± 2.26 nm, zeta potential was −17.8 ± 1.26 to −24.6 ± 1.72, and PDI displayed an acceptable size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a spherical shape with ~200 nm size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the physicochemical stability of CDDP@PLs, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed the loss of the crystalline nature of cisplatin in liposomes. In vitro release study of CDDP@PLs at pH 7.4 depicted the lower release rate of cisplatin (less than 40%), and at a pH of 6.5, an almost 65% release rate was achieved compared to the release rate at pH 5.5 (more than 80%) showing the tumor-specific drug release. The cytotoxicity study showed the improved cytotoxicity of CDDP@PLs compared to cisplatin solution in MDA-MB-231 and SK-OV-3 cell lines, and fluorescence microscopy also showed enhanced cellular internalization. The acute toxicity study showed the safety and biocompatibility of the developed carrier system for the potential delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. These studies suggest that CDDP@PLs could be utilized as an efficient delivery system for the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy by releasing cisplatin at the tumor site.

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Preparation and Properties of Ginger Essential Oil β-Cyclodextrin/Chitosan Inclusion Complexes

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings8090305 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 305 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yan Zhang ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

Fang Wang ◽

Li-Xia Wang

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Small Particle Size ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Thermal Stability Of ◽

Scanning Electron

The ginger essential oil/β-cyclodextrin (GEO/β-CD) composite, ginger essential oil/β-cyclodextrin/chitosan (GEO/β-CD/CTS) particles and ginger essential oil/β-cyclodextrin/chitosan (GEO/β-CD/CTS) microsphere were prepared with the methods of inclusion, ionic gelation and spray drying. Their properties were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the particle size of GEO/β-CD composite was smaller than that of β-CD and GEO/β-CD/CTS particles were loose and porous, while the microsphere obtained by spray drying had certain cohesiveness and small particle size. Besides, results also indicated that β-CD/CTS could modify properties and improve the thermal stability of GEO, which would improve its application value in food and medical industries.

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Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Celecoxib Nanocrystalline Solid Dispersion based on Wet Media Milling Technique: Formulation, Optimization and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics11070328 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 328 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zhuang Ding ◽

Lili Wang ◽

Yangyang Xing ◽

Yanna Zhao ◽

Zhengping Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Solid Dispersion ◽

Oral Bioavailability ◽

Stability Study ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

In Vivo Evaluation

Celecoxib (CLX), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, is a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class II drug with its bioavailability being limited by thepoor aqueoussolubility. The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize CLX nanocrystalline(CLX-NC) solid dispersion prepared by the wet medium millingtechnique combined with lyophilizationto enhance oral bioavailability. In formulation screening, the resulting CLX-NC usingpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) VA64 and sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) as combined stabilizers showed the minimum particle size and a satisfactory stability. The formulation and preparation processwere further optimized by central composite experimentaldesign with PVP VA64 concentration (X1), SDS concentration (X2) and milling times (X3) as independent factors and particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (PDI, Y2) and zeta potential (Y3) as response variables. The optimal condition was determined as a combination of 0.75% PVP VA64, 0.11% SDS with milling for 90 min.The particle size, PDI and zeta potential of optimized CLX-NC were found to be 152.4 ± 1.4 nm, 0.191 ± 0.012 and −34.4 ± 0.6 mV, respectively. The optimized formulation showed homogeneous rod-like morphology as observed by scanning electron microscopy and was in a crystalline state as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. In a storage stability study, optimized CLX-NC exhibited an excellent physical stability during six months’ storage at both the refrigeration and room conditions. In vivo pharmacokinetic research in Sprague-Dawley ratsdisplayed that Cmax and AUC0–∞ of CLX-NC were increased by 2.9 and 3.1 fold, compared with physical mixture. In this study, the screening and optimizing strategy of CLX-NC formulation represents a commercially viable approach forenhancing the oral bioavailability of CLX.

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A Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Stabilizers on the Critical Quality Attributes of Self-Assembling Nano Co-Crystals

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12020182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bwalya A. Witika ◽

Vincent J. Smith ◽

Roderick B. Walker

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Quality Attributes ◽

Polydispersity Index ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Critical Quality Attributes ◽

X Ray ◽

Self Assembling

Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiviral agents used orally to manage HIV/AIDS infection. A pseudo one-solvent bottom-up approach was used to develop and produce nano co-crystals of 3TC and AZT. Equimolar amounts of 3TC dissolved in de-ionized water and AZT in methanol were rapidly injected into a pre-cooled vessel and sonicated at 4 °C. The resultant suspensions were characterized using a Zetasizer. The particle size, polydispersity index and Zeta potential were elucidated. Further characterization was undertaken using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy. Different surfactants were assessed for their ability to stabilize the nano co-crystals and for their ability to produce nano co-crystals with specific and desirable critical quality attributes (CQA) including particle size (PS) < 1000 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.500 and Zeta potential (ZP) < −30 mV. All surfactants produced co-crystals in the nanometer range. The PDI and PS are concentration-dependent for all nano co-crystals manufactured while only ZP was within specification when sodium dodecyl sulfate was used in the process.

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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORAL NANOSUSPENSION LOADED WITH CURCUMIN

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i6.22027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sneha Dekate Shreeram Hirlekar ◽

Srinivas Bhairy ◽

Rajashree Hirlekar ◽

Rajashree Hirlekar

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

High Speed ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Research Work ◽

Release Kinetic ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Saturation Solubility

Objective: The principle objective of the present research work was to improve the bioavailability of curcumin (CUR) by decreasing its particle size. Nanosuspension (NS) of CUR was prepared using poloxamer-188 (P188) as a surfactant. The prepared NSs were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug loading, saturation solubility, and drug release kinetic studies.Methods: Components required for NS preparation, such as solvent, anti-solvent and surfactant were screened. Precipitation high-speed homogenization (HSH) method was used for the preparation of NS using selected components. Evaluation of NS for particle size, PDI, drug loading, saturation solubility and in vitro drug release was done. Pharmacokinetic studies of the NS in sprague dawley (SD) rats were performed.Results: The particle size, PDI and zeta potential of the optimized formulation was 596.5±5 nm, 0.233±0.010 and-23±2 mV respectively. The pH of all the formulations was in the range of 5-6 which is acceptable when related to drug stability. The optimized formulation showed an increase in saturation solubility in water and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 when compared to plain CUR suspension (S). Results of pharmacokinetic studies indicated that Cmax and AUC0-6 were increased 8 and 10 times respectively from plain CUR S to CUR NS.Conclusion: CUR NS was prepared using P188 as the stabilizer. Amongst various stabilizers screened P188 rendered a stable NS with the particle size in nano range. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed the better performance of CUR NS as compared to plain CUR S.

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Design, fabrication and evaluation of microemulsion based gel of essential oil of thymus vulgaris for superficial fungal infections

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research ◽

10.25004/ijpsdr.2020.120214 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 190-200

Author(s):

Jeet V. Gandhi ◽

Disha J. Suthar ◽

Hetal K. Patel ◽

Pragna K. Shelat ◽

Punit J. Parejiya

Keyword(s):

Optimal Design ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Skin Surface ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Globule Size ◽

Microemulsion Based Gel ◽

Micro Structuring

Although fungus being part of the commensal skin micro-structuring, various pathogenic commensals colonizes on human skin leading to superficial fungal infections. Owing to the resistance of present therapeutic treatments available, microbial resistance and serious hypoallergic reactions have been a concern to explore the phyto-therapeutic nutrients for treatment of fungal infections. One such plant essential oil-based formulation is thyme oil derived from the leaves of thymus vulgaris. The aim of present work i.e. development of thyme oil based microemulsion for treatment of fungal infections due to candida and trichophyton species. The thyme oil loaded microemulsion based gel was constructed using D-optimal design and the optimized final formulation contains 0.82% of oil, 9.22% of Smix and 89.95% of water. The optimized microemulsions was pale yellow to amber transparent microemulsion with globule size of 14.23 ± 0.3 nm, zeta potential of -0.69 mV and PDI value 0.00143 indicating a stable microemulsion. The microemulsion based gel formed had a pH of 6.03, appreciable viscosity and rheological properties. The drug release of formulation was 100.0 ± 0.22%. The % of drug permeated in skin layers was found to be 15.53 ± 0.22%. While % drug retention on the skin surface was found to be 26.32 ± 0.26% and within skin layers was found to be 58.47 ± 0.22%. The microemulsion based MBG was found to be safe on the dermis and efficacious then the marketed product and hence, promises its utilization as a safe and efficacious formulation for treatment of dermal infections.

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