Does the energy expenditure status in obstructive sleep apnea favour a positive energy balance?

Purpose: The effect of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on energy expenditure is controversial. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between 24-hr energy expenditure or sleeping metabolic rate and features of the obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Twenty-four apneic men took part in this cross-sectional study and were classified in quartiles of nocturnal desaturation severity, i.e. of percentage total sleep time with SaO2 < 90% determined with polysomnography. 24-hr energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate were measured with a whole body indirect calorimetry (respiratory chamber), and body composition by hydrodensitometry. During the stay in the respiratory chamber, urine was collected to assess catecholamine concentration and percentage recording time with SaO2 < 90% (%TRT SaO2 < 90%) was measured with nocturnal oximetry. Results: Mean fat free mass and fat mass were greater in quartile 4 than in quartile 1 (P < 0.05). %TRT SaO2 < 90% was higher in quartile 4 than in other quartiles (P < 0.0001). 24-hr energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate were similar among quartiles. However, when expressed on a per kg body weight basis (kcal/kg), these variables were negatively correlated with the %TRT SaO2 < 90% in the whole group (r = -0.46 and -0.48, respectively, P < 0.05). %TRT SaO2 < 90% was found to be a predictor of sleeping metabolic rate which explained, together with fat mass and fat free mass, 86% of this variance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In apneic men energy expenditure relative to body weight decreases with increasing severity of oxygen desaturation which could favour a positive energy balance.

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Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96278-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irene Cimino ◽

Debra Rimmington ◽

Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽

Katherine Lawler ◽

Pierre Larraufie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Chow Diet ◽

Chromatin Regulator ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

The Impact ◽

Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

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Maintenance of energy expenditure on high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diets at a constant body weight may prevent a positive energy balance

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2014.10.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 968-975 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E.A. Martens ◽

H.K. Gonnissen ◽

B. Gatta-Cherifi ◽

P.L. Janssens ◽

M.S. Westerterp-Plantenga

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

High Protein ◽

Positive Energy ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Positive Energy Balance

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The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665115004243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

David J. Clayton ◽

Lewis J. James

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Precise Determination ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Body Weight

CHEST Journal ◽

10.1378/chest.85.3.435 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 435-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Carl P. Browman ◽

Michael G. Sampson ◽

Stanley F. Yolles ◽

Krishnareddy S. Gujavarty ◽

Stephen J. Weiler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Body Weight ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Obstructive Sleep

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Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usab140 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Mullie ◽

Pieter Maes ◽

Laurens van Veelen ◽

Damien Van Tiggelen ◽

Peter Clarys

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rest Metabolic Rate ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

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The efficiency of obesity treatment in patients with insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/omet2016225-32 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Natal'ya V. Strueva ◽

Galina A. Mel'nichenko ◽

Mikhail G. Poluektov ◽

Larisa V. Savel'eva

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Body Weight ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Apnea Syndrome ◽

Clinically Significant

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dynamics of body weight and sleep disorders in the treatment of obesity.Materials and methods. The study included 200 obese patients: 83 men and 117 women.Results. Complaints about problems sleeping (snoring, hypersomnia, insomnia, etc.) were present in 78% of obese patients. 89 patients were under the observation of an endocrinologist for 7 ± 1 months, they were divided into three matched by age, sex and BMI groups: patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (n = 42), the second – with the syndrome of insomnia (n = 19), the third (control group) – patients without sleep disorders (n = 24). After treatment of obesity the weight loss in patients with insomnia syndrome was -2.5 [-4; 0]kg, in patients with OSAS -7 [-18; -2] kg, in patients without sleep disorders -6.5 [-12; -2.25] kg. Clinically significant weight reduction was reached in 25 (59.5%) patients with OSAS; 3 (16%) – with insomnia syndrome; 15 (62.5%) – without sleep disorders.Conclusion. Thus, the insomnia syndrome essentially influences the obesity treatment results – most of patients with this sleep disorder (81.2%) do not achieve clinically significant weight loss. The presence and severity of breathing disorders during sleep do not prevent weight loss. However, with the regular use of CPAP-therapy in patients with OSAS has a tendency of greater reduction of body weight.

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Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103394 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3394

Author(s):

Sarah A. Purcell ◽

Ryan J. Marker ◽

Marc-Andre Cornier ◽

Edward L. Melanson

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Cancer Survivors ◽

Breast Cancer Survivors ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Fat Free Mass

Many breast cancer survivors (BCS) gain fat mass and lose fat-free mass during treatment (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery) and estrogen suppression therapy, which increases the risk of developing comorbidities. Whether these body composition alterations are a result of changes in dietary intake, energy expenditure, or both is unclear. Thus, we reviewed studies that have measured components of energy balance in BCS who have completed treatment. Longitudinal studies suggest that BCS reduce self-reported energy intake and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Although some evidence suggests that resting metabolic rate is higher in BCS than in age-matched controls, no study has measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in this population. Whether physical activity levels are altered in BCS is unclear, but evidence suggests that light-intensity physical activity is lower in BCS compared to age-matched controls. We also discuss the mechanisms through which estrogen suppression may impact energy balance and develop a theoretical framework of dietary intake and TDEE interactions in BCS. Preclinical and human experimental studies indicate that estrogen suppression likely elicits increased energy intake and decreased TDEE, although this has not been systematically investigated in BCS specifically. Estrogen suppression may modulate energy balance via alterations in appetite, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity. There are several potential areas for future mechanistic energetic research in BCS (e.g., characterizing predictors of intervention response, appetite, dynamic changes in energy balance, and differences in cancer sub-types) that would ultimately support the development of more targeted and personalized behavioral interventions.

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Investigation of the Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment on Respiratory Functions in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561319840818 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (8) ◽

pp. 537-542

Author(s):

Burak Kersin ◽

Murat Karaman ◽

Engin Aynacı ◽

Ahmet Keleş

Keyword(s):

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Body Weight ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Function ◽

Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽

Tongue Base ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Apnea Syndrome

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a problem that involves many bodily systems and its effects on the respiratory system deserve special attention. Although many studies exist that investigate respiratory functions in patients using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of sleep apnea, there is a lack of research regarding the effect of OSAS surgery on respiratory function in the literature, which has motivated us to perform such a study. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with OSAS with an apnea hypopnea index ranging between 15 and 30 and had undergone robotic tongue base resection and uvulopharyngoplasty were included as study participants. Pulmonary function tests were performed on all participants 1 day prior to, and at 3 and 6 months after the operation. Weight and body mass indices (BMIs) were also recorded at the same intervals for all participants. Data were electronically recorded and analyzed through SPSS 22.0. Values of P < .05 have been considered as statistically significant. Results: Average age of the 32 participants was 43.2±10.7, average body weight was 94.1±12.6, and average BMI was 31.4±4.7. Decreases in body weight and BMI values recorded at 3 and 6 months postoperatively had statistical significance when compared with values recorded preoperatively ( P < .05). Comparisons made in terms of pulmonary functions revealed a statistically significant increase in 3 and 6-month postoperative values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and FEF 25-75 ( P < .05). Conclusion: Our study shows the positive effects of robotic tongue base resection and uvulopharyngoplasty operation on respiratory function parameters. This suggests that surgical treatment in OSAS patients is as effective as CPAP on respiratory function.

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