Physiological Responses of Stored Tomato Fruit in Infection Stress Caused by Grey Mold (Botrytis cinerea)

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex has been shown to play a crucial role in stress response and in the virulence of various fungal pathogens. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis compared changes in protein abundance in wild-type Botrytis cinerea and ΔbcnoxR mutants in which the regulatory subunit of NOX was deleted. The ΔbcnoxR mutants exhibited reduced growth, sporulation, and impaired virulence. A total of 60 proteins, representing 49 individual genes, were identified in ΔbcnoxR mutants that exhibited significant differences in abundance relative to wild-type. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the differences in transcript levels for 36 of the genes encoding the identified proteins were in agreement with the proteomic analysis, while the remainder exhibited reverse levels. Functional analysis of four proteins that decreased abundance in the ΔbcnoxR mutants indicated that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (BcPGD) played a role in the growth and sporulation of B. cinerea. The Δbcpgd mutants also displayed impaired virulence on various hosts, such as apple, strawberry, and tomato fruit. These results suggest that NOX can influence the expression of BcPGD, which has an impact on growth, sporulation, and virulence of B. cinerea.

Download Full-text

Variation of the Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea causing Ginseng Grey Mold to Fungicides Inhibiting β Assembly

Research in Plant Disease ◽

10.5423/rpd.2007.13.3.177 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 177-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joo-Hyung Kim ◽

Ji-Young Min ◽

Young-Soon Baek ◽

Yeoung-Seuk Bae ◽

Heung-Tae Kim

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Grey Mold

Download Full-text

Ethylene Perception Is Associated with Methyl-Jasmonate-Mediated Immune Response against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Fruit

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02135 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (24) ◽

pp. 6725-6735 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wenqing Yu ◽

Mengmeng Yu ◽

Ruirui Zhao ◽

Jiping Sheng ◽

Yujing Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Methyl Jasmonate ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Tomato Fruit

Download Full-text

SlMAPK3, a key mitogen-activated protein kinase, regulates the resistance of cherry tomato fruit to Botrytis cinerea induced by yeast cell wall and β-glucan

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 171 ◽

pp. 111350

Author(s):

Jun Guo ◽

Keyu Sun ◽

Yujing Zhang ◽

Kongxin Hu ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Yeast Cell ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Yeast Cell Wall ◽

Cherry Tomato ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

Download Full-text

Sweet Immunity: Inulin Boosts Resistance of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) against Grey Mold (Botrytis cinerea) in an Ethylene-Dependent Manner

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20051052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1052 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Łukasz Tarkowski ◽

Bram Van de Poel ◽

Monica Höfte ◽

Wim Van den Ende

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Ethylene Signaling ◽

Important Species ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Gaba A ◽

Grey Mold ◽

Negative Effect

The concept of “Sweet Immunity” postulates that sugar metabolism and signaling influence plant immune networks. In this study, we tested the potential of commercially available inulin-type fructans to limit disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea in lettuce. Spraying mature lettuce leaves, with inulin-type fructans derived from burdock or chicory was as effective in reducing grey mold disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea as spraying with oligogalacturonides (OGs). OGs are well-known defense elicitors in several plant species. Spraying with inulin and OGs induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and levels further increased upon pathogen infection. Inulin and OGs were no longer able to limit Botrytis infection when plants were treated with the ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating that a functional ethylene signaling pathway is needed for the enhanced defense response. Soluble sugars accumulated in leaves primed with OGs, while 1-MCP treatment had an overall negative effect on the sucrose pool. Accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a stress-associated non-proteinogenic amino acid and possible signaling compound, was observed in inulin-treated samples after infection and negatively affected by the 1-MCP treatment. We have demonstrated for the first time that commercially available inulin-type fructans and OGs can improve the defensive capacity of lettuce, an economically important species. We discuss our results in the context of a possible recognition of fructans as Damage or Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns.

Download Full-text

Resistance to boscalid in Botrytis cinerea from greenhouse grown tomato

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-20-1191-re ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shengming Liu ◽

Liuyuan Fu ◽

Huanhuan Tan ◽

Jia Jiang ◽

Zhiping Che ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Henan Province ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Grey Mold ◽

Moderately Resistant

Grey mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr., is one of the most destructive spoilage diseases, severely affecting tomato production in Henan Province, China. Spraying fungicides from the flowering to the harvest stage is a necessary measure to reduce losses associated with B. cinerea infection. However, B. cinerea has developed resistance to fungicides in many countries. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, and was registered for the control of grey mold. In this study, a total of 269 B. cinerea isolates were collected from tomato in commercial greenhouses in different locations of Henan Province, in 2014 and 2015. The sensitivity and resistance of B. cinerea field isolates were determined based on mycelial growth. The effective concentration 50 (EC50) ranged from 0.11 to 15.92 μg ml−1 and 0.16 to 8.54 μg ml−1, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The frequency of low resistance to boscalid was 12.6% and 7.6%, and moderate resistance were 2.7% and 1.3%, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. No high-resistant isolates were found in Henan Province, China. Mycelial growth, mycelial dry weight, spore production, and pathogenicity were not significantly different between resistant and sensitive phenotypes of the B. cinerea isolates. The results of cross-resistance test showed no correlation between boscalid and carbendazim, procymidone, pyrimethanil, fluazinam or fluopyram. In this study, the succinate dehydrogenase gene B (sdhB), C (sdhC), and D (sdhD) were analyzed and compared in sensitive, low and moderately resistant B. cinerea isolates to boscalid. Results showed point mutations occurred simultaneously at sdhC amino acid positions 85 (G85A), 93 (I93V), 158 (M158V), and 168 (V168I) in 4 out of 10 sensitive isolates, 23 out of 26 low and 5 out of 5 moderately resistant B. cinerea isolates to boscalid. No point mutations were found in the sdhB and sdhD genes of all isolates. Furthermore, no point mutations were found in sdhB, sdhC and sdhD genes in 3 out of 26 low resistant B. cinerea isolates to boscalid. Therefore, we speculate the simultaneous point mutations in the sdhC gene may not be related to the resistance of B. cinerea to boscalid. These results suggested that there might be a substitution mechanism for the resistance of B. cinerea to the SDHI fungicide boscalid.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Strawberry with Reduced Sensitivity to Polyoxin D Zinc Salt

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-16-0166-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (10) ◽

pp. 2057-2061 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Madeline E. Dowling ◽

Meng-Jun Hu ◽

Linus T. Schmitz ◽

Jennifer R. Wilson ◽

Guido Schnabel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Carolina ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Resistance Management ◽

The United States ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Zinc Salt ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Action Committee

Polyoxin D is a Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 19 fungicide that was recently registered for gray mold control of strawberry in the United States. In this study, we determined the sensitivity to polyoxin D zinc salt (hereafter, polyoxin D) of Botrytis cinerea isolates from 41 commercial strawberry farms in South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio and investigated the fitness of sensitive (S) and reduced sensitive (RS) isolates. Relative mycelial growth ranged between 0 and over 100% on malt extract agar amended with a discriminatory dose of polyoxin D at 5 μg/ml. Isolates that grew more than 70% at that dose were designated RS and were found in three of the five states. The 50% effective dose (EC50) values of three S and three RS isolates ranged from 0.59 to 2.27 and 4.6 to 5.8 μg/ml, respectively. The three RS isolates grew faster on detached tomato fruit treated with Ph-D WDG at recommended label dosage than S isolates (P < 0.008). In all, 25 randomly selected RS isolates exhibited reduced sporulation ability (P < 0.0001) and growth rate (P < 0.0001) but increased production of sclerotia (P < 0.0386) compared with 25 S isolates. Of 10 isolates tested per phenotype, the number of RS isolates producing sporulating lesions on apple, tomato, and strawberry was significantly lower compared with S isolates (P < 0.0001 for each fruit type). The results of this study indicate that resistance management is necessary for fungicides containing polyoxin D. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating reduced sensitivity to FRAC 19 fungicides in B. cinerea isolates from the United States.

Download Full-text