scholarly journals EFISIENSI PEMILIHAN ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA WARALABA

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmi Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Business Continuity ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Business Contract

AbstractFranchise as a business contract between franchisor and frachisee which in the practice sometimes leads to a dispute. A dispute happens because their rights and obligations are not met. Dispute settlement businesses can choose a judiciary or non-judiciary institution. However, considering of the business continuity, the dispute must be resolved so each side can fulfill their needs to solve the dispute. The problems in this study are the factors that can arise disputes franchise and the efficiency of selecting alternatives of dispute resolution to resolve the dispute franchise. This type of the research used by the researcher is a normative legal research. This type of research is a descriptive research. The conclusions of this study are the factors that cause disputes franchise is the existence of rights and obligations are not met and fulfilled, and it happens mostly because the oversight and discontinuance of the franchise that are assumed not giving advantages or inflicting one of the parties. Moreover, there are possibilities of not keeping promises which have been decided before. Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Franchise Dispute AbstrakWaralaba sebagai suatu kontrak bisnis antara franchisor dan frachisee dalam pelaksanaannya tidak sedikit yang menimbulkan suatu sengketa. Suatu sengketa muncul dikarenakan adanya hak dan kewajiban yang tidak terpenuhi. Penyelesaian sengketa bisnis dapat memilih lembaga pengadilan atau lemabaga non-peradilan. Namun, dengan pertimbangan akan kelanjutan bisnis yang dijalani alternatif penyelesaian sengketa dianggap lebih dapat menyalurkan keinginan para pihak untuk menyelesaiakan sengketa bisnis. Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah faktor-faktor yang dapat menimbulkan sengketa waralaba dan efisiensi pemilihan alternatif penyelesaian sengketa untuk menyelesaikan sengketa waralaba. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah bersifat penelitian hukum normatif. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Simpulan dari penelitian ini, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya sengketa waralaba adalah adanya suatu hak dan kewajiban yang tidak terpenuhi dan paling banyak terjadi dikarenakan pengawasan dan pemutusan hubungan waralaba yang dianggap merugikan salah satu pihak. Selain itu, ketidakpastian karena ada kemungkinan tidak ditepatinya janji serta risiko permintaan yang tidak sesuai dengan yang direncanakan. Kata Kunci: Penyelesaian Sengketa, Sengketa Waralaba

scholarly journals Kewenangan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK) dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Asuransi Pasca Keluarnya Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) Nomor 1/POJK.07/2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Wisnu Kumala ◽  
Yaswirman Yaswirman ◽  
Ulfanora Ulfanora
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Legal Consequences

There is a tug of authority in resolving insurance disputes outside the court between the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) based on Law Nomor 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection with Alternative Dispute Resolution Institutions (LAPS) based on Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 1/POJK.07/2014. This encourages the author to conduct legal research in order to determine the authority of BPSK in resolving insurance disputes as well as the legal consequences of the decision after the issuance of the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 1/POJK.07/2014 using the statutory approach. This legal research results in the finding that BPSK is still authorized to settle insurance disputes following the issuance of the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 1/POJK.07/2014, this is based on the provisions of the Lex superior derogat legi inferiori principle. Then there is no legal effect on the BPSK decision after the issuance of the Financial Services Authority Regulation. This is because BPSK's decision has been based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, whose position is higher than the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority. So there is no need for BPSK to follow the provisions of the regulations whose hierarchy of legislation is lower than the Consumer Protection Act. Therefore BPSK's decision is "final and binding" as explained in Article 54 paragraph 3 of the Consumer Protection Act.

scholarly journals JURIDIS ANALYSIS OF CONFLICT COMPETENCY OF BUSINESS DISPUTE SETTLEMENT THROUGH ARBITRATION AND GENERAL JUSTICE IN STOCK OWNERSHIP

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edi Prayitno ◽  
Martin Roestamy
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
District Court ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Investment Agreement

This Thesis was written based on the result of legal research that analyzes conflict of business dispute resolution between arbitration and litigation in accordance with the applicable regulation and court decisions which have acquired permanent legal force. The method used in this legal research is normative legal methods. The study of literature as a basis of the research and according to Law Number 30 Years 1999 about Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, in Article 3 and Article 11 of the Law have expressively stated that District Court does not have the authority to adjudicate disputes between the parties that bound by the arbitration agreement. The result of this legal research is that arbitration clause as stated in business investment agreement that should be absolute competencies to resolve the dispute, but the Decision of District Court Judges which have been strengthened by Supreme Court of Indonesia expressively stated that the court has the authority to check and adjudicate the dispute even it has arbitration clause or arbitration agreement with the reason that the dispute is a tort and there are another parties beside the party who sign the Investment Agreement, in the suit. The court attitude that adjudicate the dispute with arbitration clause lead to conflict of competency and never ending adjudication process of business dispute. From the actual case that researcher has been analyzes, researcher suggest that Supreme Court of Indonesia as the highest judicial body must respect arbitration body by rejecting all of the civil cases that have arbitration clause on its agreement. Law Number 48 Years 2009 about Judicial Power stated that non-litigation dispute resolution is conducted through arbitration or alternative dispute resolution. Based on pacta sun servanda and choice of forum principles on the agreement binding to the parties and must be obeyed by the parties.KeyWord : : Arbitration Clause, Pacta Sun Servanda Principle, Business.

scholarly journals JUSTICE IN MANY ROOMS IN SHARIA BANKING DISPUTE RESOLUTION TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Nita Triana
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Religious Courts

This paper examines the dispute resolution of Sharia Banking. The method is a non-doctrinal legal research using qualitative research  and Socio Legal approach. Sharia banking cannot be separated from the problems between the banking and the Customer. This problem is calledproblematic financing. The resolution  of problematic financing of sharia banks in litigation is now the absolute authority of the Religious Courts. The downside of litigation settlement usually takes a long time, the need for proof, the cost is quite expensive and the result is winningor lost. Therefore, the settlement of sharia banking is very rarely resolved through litigation. Alternative Dispute Resolution is a choice of dispute settlement chosen by Sharia Banking. The first stage isto carry out negotiation between all parties, namely Banking (lender) and The Customer (Debtor) in the form of warning and guidance. If it does not succeed, there will bedebt restructuration. The second step is mediation, in the form of consultation with third party as a mediator.  The mediation determines the rescue process of debt by Banks when a debtor is still unable to return his debt, executed by the bank. According to Marc Galanter these various dispute resolutionsis called justice in many rooms. In Islamic Law it is known as Sulh (peace). However, to a large extent this non-litigation settlement is more satisfactory to both parties in resolving the dispute because it senses fairness and a win-win solution.

scholarly journals JUSTICE IN MANY ROOMS IN SHARIA BANKING DISPUTE RESOLUTION TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Nita Triana
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Religious Courts

This paper examines the dispute resolution of Sharia Banking. The method is a non-doctrinal legal research using qualitative research  and Socio Legal approach. Sharia banking cannot be separated from the problems between the banking and the Customer. This problem is calledproblematic financing. The resolution  of problematic financing of sharia banks in litigation is now the absolute authority of the Religious Courts. The downside of litigation settlement usually takes a long time, the need for proof, the cost is quite expensive and the result is winningor lost. Therefore, the settlement of sharia banking is very rarely resolved through litigation. Alternative Dispute Resolution is a choice of dispute settlement chosen by Sharia Banking. The first stage isto carry out negotiation between all parties, namely Banking (lender) and The Customer (Debtor) in the form of warning and guidance. If it does not succeed, there will bedebt restructuration. The second step is mediation, in the form of consultation with third party as a mediator.  The mediation determines the rescue process of debt by Banks when a debtor is still unable to return his debt, executed by the bank. According to Marc Galanter these various dispute resolutionsis called justice in many rooms. In Islamic Law it is known as Sulh (peace). However, to a large extent this non-litigation settlement is more satisfactory to both parties in resolving the dispute because it senses fairness and a win-win solution.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB PELAKU USAHA TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM HAL TERJADINYA SHORTWEIGHTING DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG RI NO 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Ni Komang Ayu Nira Relies Rianti
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Sales Practice

Shortweighting is one of the selling practices of goods that harm consumers. Where the actual weight of the item is less than the weight indicated on the goods packaging label. Clearly, consumers are severely disadvantaged as a result of changes in the goods made by businessmen. With The result that consumers get goods that are not in accordance with the conditions and the promised warranty or stated in the label. The legal issues in this writing is 1. How is the liability of businessmen to consumers in the case of shortweighting reviewed by Law No. 8 of 1999? and 2. What kind of dispute settlement efforts that can be taken by the consumer in case of shortweighting? This research is normative legal research. The conclusion of this study is that the businessmen is to be responsible if proven to occur sales practice shortweighting. It is contained in Article 19 of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. The legal efforts to resolve disputes that can be reached by consumers can be through 2 (two) ways of settling disputes, outside the court or alternative dispute resolution and settlement of litigation. The settlement of disputes outside the court can be through the settlement of disputes solved by deliberation by the parties and could be through the Indonesia Consumer Dispute Settlement Institution (BPSK). Shortweighting adalah salah satu praktek penjualan barang yang merugikan konsumen. Dimana berat barang yang sebenarnya adalah lebih kecil dari berat yang tertera pada label kemasan barang. Jelas sekali bahwa konsumen sangat dirugikan akibat adanya perubahan barang tersebut yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha. Sehingga konsumen mendapatkan barang yang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi dan jaminan yang dijanjikan atau yang dinyatakan dalam label. Rumusan masalah dalam penulisan ini adalah 1. Bagaimanakah tanggungjawab pelaku usaha terhadap konsumen dalam hal terjadinya shortweighting ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999? dan 2. Apakah upaya penyelesaian sengketa yang dapat ditempuh oleh konsumen bila terjadi shortweighting? Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Kesimpulan dari hasil penulisan penelitian ini  bahwa pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab apabila terbukti terjadi praktik penjualan shortweighting. Hal tersebut tertuang dalam Pasal 19 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Upaya penyelesaian sengketa yang dapat ditempuh konsumen dapat melalui 2 (dua) cara yaitu penyelesaian sengketa diluar pengadilan dan penyelesaian litigasi. Penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan yaitu bisa melalui penyelesaian sengketa secara damai oleh pahak pihak sendiri dan bisa melalui Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK).

scholarly journals KEDUDUKAN AKTA NOTARIS DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PENGHAPUSAN MEREK DI LUAR PENGADILAN [THE POSITION OF NOTARIAL DEED IN AN OUT OF COURT DISPUTE SETTLEMENT OF NON-USE TRADEMARK CANCELLATION]

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Bella Nova Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Settlement Agreement ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Made In

<p><em>Recently, various types of disputes can arise in the community. In resolving these disputes, the disputing parties are given the freedom to choose the dispute resolution forum according to their wishes. Non-court dispute resolution schemes are strengthened by Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Juridically, the mechanism of brand dispute resolution can be done through litigation in the Commercial Court, as well as non-litigation by using an alternative mechanism for dispute resolution, either through arbitration, negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or other ways agreed upon by both parties of the dispute. The final result of the parties' dispute settlement agreement is resolution which is poured into a form of peace treaty made before a Notary. To see the position of the notarial deed in resolving disputes over brand deletions outside court, especially in the dispute over the "X" trademark between PT CPS and the inheritors of HK’s trademark, research is needed on the certainty of the enforceability and power to bind a peace agreement made before a Notary. In this study, the type of research used is normative legal research with law and case approach. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that the peace agreement between the parties was made in the form of a deed of peace before the Notary and binds the parties as a law for the parties and has perfect proof power.</em><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em></em></strong><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: </strong>Dewasa ini berbagai macam sengketa dapat timbul dalam masyarakat. Dalam menyelesaikan sengketa, para pihak yang bersengketa diberi kebebasan untuk memilih forum penyelesaian sengketa sesuai dengan keinginannya. Skema penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan diperkuat oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 1999 tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa. Secara yuridis, mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa merek dapat dilakukan melalui litigasi di Pengadilan Niaga atau non litigasi dengan menggunakan mekanisme alternatif penyelesaian sengketa, baik melalui arbitrase, negosiasi, mediasi, konsiliasi, maupun cara-cara lain yang dipilih oleh para pihak yang bersengketa. Hasil akhir dari kesepakatan penyelesaian sengketa para pihak adalah perdamaian yang dituangkan ke dalam bentuk akta perdamaian yang dibuat di hadapan Notaris. Untuk melihat kedudukan akta Notaris dalam penyelesaian sengketa penghapusan merek di luar pengadilan, khususnya dalam sengketa merek “X” antara PT CPS dan ahli waris almarhum HK, diperlukan penelitian mengenai kepastian keberlakuan dan kekuatan mengikat perjanjian perdamaian yang dibuat di hadapan Notaris. Dalam penelitian ini, jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan kasus. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perjanjian perdamaian di antara para pihak dibuat dalam bentuk akta perdamaian di hadapan Notaris mengikat para pihak seperti layaknya undang-undang bagi para pihak dan memiliki kekuatan pembuktian yang sempurna.</p><p> </p>

KEWENANGAN PENGADILAN DALAM PEMBATALAN PUTUSAN ARBITRASE INTERNASIONAL DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Yuanita Permatasari ◽  
Pranoto ,
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
District Court ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Legal Substances ◽  
Arbitration Award

<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to find out the recognition and enforcement of international arbitration award in Indonesia, as well as the authority of the courts in annulment the international arbitration award in Indonesia. This research is a normative and prescriptive legal research. The type and source of materials used is the source of secondary legal material. The legal substances used in this study are of two kinds, namely primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The method of collecting legal materials in this study is obtained through assessment of existing libraries, books, law journals, and court awards. Based on the result of the discussion, it can be concluded: Firstly, the international arbitration award can be recognized and enforced if the award is registered and obtain an execution from the Central Jakarta District Court. International arbitration rulings can only be recognized and enforced if they full fil the conditions in Article 66 of Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution law. Second, the international arbitration award is final and binding. However, in reality many international arbitration awards are requested for annulment to the Court in Indonesia.</p><p>Keywords: international arbitration award, annulment of international arbitration award, enforcement of international arbitration award</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengakuan dan pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase internasional di Indonesia, serta kewenangan pengadilan dalam membatalkan putusan arbitrase internasional di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif bersifat preskriptif. Pendekatan yang digunakan penulis adalah pendekatan kasus. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder, dengan teknik analisis bahan hukum menggunakan metode silogisme dan interpretasi dengan menggunakan pola berpikir deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan dapat disimpulkan: Pertama, agar putusan arbitrase internasional dapat diakui dan dilaksanakan, maka putusan tersebut harus terlebih dahulu didaftarkan dan memperoleh exequatur dari Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat. Putusan arbitrase internasional hanya dapat diakui dan dilaksanakan apabila memenuhi syarat-syarat yang ditentukan dalam Pasal 66 Undang-Undang Nomor. 30 Tahun 1999 tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa. Kedua, putusan arbitrase internasional bersifat final and binding. Sehingga, putusan arbitrase internasional tidak dapat diajukan upaya pembatalan putusan arbitrase. Namun, dalam realitanya banyak putusan arbitrase internasional yang dimintakan pembatalannya kepada Pengadilan di Indonesia.</p><p>Kata Kunci: putusan arbitrase internasional, pembatalan putusan arbitrase internasional, pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase internasional</p>

scholarly journals KEWENANGAN BADAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KONSUMEN DALAM MENANGANI SENGKETA ANTARA PT. SINAR MENARA DELI DENGAN SARI ALAMSYAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Samuel Samuel ◽  
Siti Nurbaiti
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
District Court ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic

In principle, the resolution of consumer disputes can be pursued peacefully. through an alternative mediation dispute resolution. In Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 / M-DAG / PER / 2017 concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body does not impose limits on the authority of BPSK in handling and adjudicating a consumer dispute. However, in reality many times the decisions of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body (BPSK) are submitted to the district court and stated that BPSK is not authorized to handle such disputes. How is the authority of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board in handling disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli and Sari Alamsyah are the issues discussed. The method used in this research is descriptive normative legal research, using secondary data and primary data as supporting data with the law approach. The results of the study illustrate that BPSK is not authorized to handle disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli with Sari Alamsyah, because the business actors in this dispute have submitted a refusal to be resolved through BPSK and not achieving the requirements for consumer disputes. It is recommended that BPSK members pay more attention to the provisions in the Consumer Protection Act and other regulations concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body.

scholarly journals СУТНІСТЬ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДОСУДОВОГО ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВИХ СПОРІВ

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
C. В. Ківалов
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
The Relationship

У статті проаналізовано поняття, сутність та особливості досудового урегулювання адміністративно-правових спорів. Особливу увагу приділено співвідношенню понять «спо­соби, альтернативні правосуддю» й «альтернативне вирішення спорів». Здійснено поділ до­судових способів за такими критеріями: 1) за суб'єктом, що здійснює процедуру вирішення спору: а) державні процедури врегулювання спору; б) недержавні процедури врегулювання спору; 2) за методом врегулювання спору: а) примирювальні (компромісні) процедури; б) правовїдновлювальні процедури; в) змішані процедури. Визначено, що найбільш поши­реними методами досудового вирішення спорів с переговори, посередництво, арбітраж.   The paper analyzes the concept, essence, and characteristics of pre-trial settlement of administrative legal disputes. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts "methods alternative to justice" and "alternative dispute resolution". The author carries out the classification of pre-trial methods according to the following criteria: 1) by the entity that carries out the procedure for dispute settlement: a) state dispute settlement procedures; b) non-state dispute settlement procedures; 2) by the method of settlement of the dispute: a) conciliation (compromise) procedures; b) procedures for restoration of rights; c) mixed procedures. It is determined that the most common methods of pre-trial dispute resolution are: negotiation, mediation, arbitration.

Teetering at the Top of the Ladder: The Experience of Citizen Group Participants in Alternative Dispute Resolution Processes

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Wondolleck ◽  
Nancy J. Manring ◽  
James E. Crowfoot
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Citizen Groups ◽  
Citizen Group ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Resolution Processes ◽  
Do So

Citizen groups that participate in alternative dispute resolution processes have overcome many of the barriers described in Sherry Arnstein's classic article, “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” A well-structured collaborative process can remedy some of the imbalances and other stumbling blocks inherent in traditional forums, broadening the issues considered as well as the potential solutions. At the top of the ladder, there exists a three-runged extension of choices. First citizens must make the strategic choice whether or not to participate in the dispute resolution process. Second, if they choose to participate, citizens must then determine how to do so effectively. Citizen representatives can significantly influence the outcome of a negotiation if they pay attention to the critical components comprising the dispute settlement process and ensure that these are satisfactory at the outset. They must also maintain effective communication with their constituencies. At the third rung, citizen groups confront the need for continued involvement, both to ensure implementation of any agreements reached, as well as to capitalize on the productive working relationships and opportunities for further influence provided by their participation in this process.

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