scholarly journals The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: A Landmark Model for a Viable Solution to the Refugee Problem

Refuge ◽  
1999 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
K. C. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Peace Accord ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Refugee Problem ◽  
Landmark Model ◽  
The Hill

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) area of Bangladesh, home to the Chakma and eleven other major tribes, has experienced civil strife since the early 1970s. The demand for autonomy by the local tribal leaders and the settlement of Bengalees into the CHT sparked armed insurgency. The fighting between the tribal hill people and Bangladlesh army continued for almost two decades, resulting in a large flight of predominantly Chakma refugees into India. Talks between India and Bangladesh officials regarding these refugees resulted in the creation of tribally-Ied local governments in the CHT, and a rehlilbilitation package for Chakma and other refugees. This process laid the groundwork for the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord signed on December 2,1997 between the Bangladesh government and the Hill Tracts People's Solidarity Association (PCJSS). Shortly after, about 60,000 refugees returned to the CHT from India, and guerillas surrendered their arms. The objective of this background paper is to examine the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord and its role in providing a framework for a viable solution to the refugee problem in the CHT. It also highlights those aspects of the Accord which serve as a model for preventing refugee flight and displacement of people in any conflict situation.

scholarly journals Municipal Urban Waste Management—Challenges for Polish Cities in an Era of Circular Resource Management

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Agata Mesjasz-Lech
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
City Management ◽  
Environmental Orientation ◽  
Material Cycles ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Urban Waste Management

Municipal authorities increasingly view environmental protection as one of the goals of city management. The pro-environmental orientation of cities can, therefore, foster the creation of new management methods and instruments and promote reorganization of determining material flows in a municipal system. Activities of this kind should result not only in the reduction of generated waste but also in the creation of closed material cycles. Considering the tasks of Polish local governments, municipalities should pay the most attention to municipal waste. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to identify the problem of mixed municipal waste in cities and assess the influence of investments into fixed assets for environmental protection in the scope of waste management on the quantity of mixed municipal waste in cities. This article also identifies activities for circular resource management that need to be realized by Polish municipalities. The analysis was performed using the panel model, dynamic indexes, and critical analysis of city documents. The conducted research revealed positive trends in cities with respect to the amount of waste collected non-selectively that is conducive to circular resource management. The fact that municipal waste quantity is on the increase should encourage urban authorities to promote pro-environmental waste management behaviors among city dwellers.

Poetosphere and mythopoetics of the estate in A.A. Blok’s dramatic poem “Song of Fate”

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-205
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Literature ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
White House ◽  
Modern City ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Hill ◽  
As If

As it noted by the researchers, the “Song of fate” accumulates painful thoughts of A.A. Blok about the fate of Russia and about his personal fate associat ed with the past, present and future of the Motherland. In addition to the ideological problems raised in it, the poem is interesting in an attempt to escape from the specifics of historical and national-cultural realities through their symbolization, combining the plans of life and being. The white house with a garden on the hill, in which the action of the play begins and the return to which is implied at the end, incorporates the most important features of Russia as a cultural, natural and spiritual space. The world of the estate is opposed by the space of the modern city and the big world of Russian open spaces. However, the estate for Blok is Russia the same. Therefore, Elena, the keeper of the estate, and Faina, the personalization of the world element, are two parts of one whole, as if the projection of an ideal Russia. The plot of the “Song of fate”, accord ing to D.M. Magomedova, I.S. Prikhodko, etc., is an artistic realization of the Gnostic myth of the captive Sophia, the Soul of the world. The imposition of the Gnostic myth in the “Song of fate” on the entire existing in Russian literature of the XIX century poetosphere of the estate leads to the creation of the author’s myth about Russia, the transformation of poetosphere in the mythopoetics.

Contested Peace: The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord

Social Change ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
S.M. Sadat al Sajib ◽  
Muhammad Kazim Nur Sohad
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Peace Accord ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
History Of

Located in the south-east corner of Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) have a history of a vicious conflict between its Bengali settlers and the Paharis, specifically the indigenous community, the Pahari-adivasis. The region’s already volatile background further escalated thanks to the nation-building approach that was being followed by the state after Bangladesh became independent in 1971. This inclination triggered an insurgency movement whose leaders demanded regional autonomy and a recognition of their identity so that people could lead a life of dignity. To quell the movement, the state resorted to military force. Later to introduce peace, the CHT Peace Accord was signed in 1997. However, though it did succeed in bringing about an element of stability, the accord failed in its larger objective as it excluded the engagement of the larger mass of Pahari people. Just over twenty years after the accord was signed, we examine, through a research study, why it neither lead to sustainable peace nor was it successful in its goal of conflict management.

The Black Rhino

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
R. Edward Freeman ◽  
Jared D. Harris ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
Sierra Cook ◽  
Trisha Bailey
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Market ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The Future ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Rhino Poaching

John Hume, a veteran game farmer and founder of the Mauricedale Game Ranch in South Africa, was deeply troubled by the record upsurge in black rhino poaching incidents and black-market horn thefts in 2010 and 2011. While the endangered black rhino represented only one segment of Mauricedale's hunting and farming businesses in 2011, the animal's survival was an important component of the ranch's and industry's growth potential in the future. As both a businessman and a rhino advocate, John Hume was contemplating an innovative idea that might help stop the decline of the black rhino: the creation of a market for legalized black rhino hunting. As he pondered the possibilities and alternatives to determine what his next move should be, Hume had several questions on his mind: Was the legalization of the international sale and trade of rhino horns a viable solution? Was it Hume's responsibility to save the black rhino, and was the animal a good investment?

Regionalism, Political Decay, and Civil Strife in Chad

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Decalo
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Power Hierarchy

The creation in November 1979 of a Transitional Government of National Unity under the leadership of Wodei Goukouni was greeted by most observers with a sigh of relief and a measure of guarded optimism. The composition of the new régime in Chad, and especially the enhanced rôle of the defeated Sara south within it, may possibly stabilise a situation still exceedingly volatile and inherently unstable. Yet, as West Africa cautioned, ‘twenty years of government by a group unrepresentative of the country, pretending to fill the vacuum at the centre of power and doing so with conspicuous ineffectiveness, cannot be easily erased’.1 Even given the sincerity and goodwill of all 11 groups in the new power hierarchy – which is far from assured, because every conceivable opportunistic faction has been included – the attempt to bring unity and stability to a land that has never experienced either may easily founder against the harsh realities of sharp internal divisions.

scholarly journals Generating Sustainable Green Open Space Development in Urban Residential Areas through Community Participation Approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ady Rizalsyah Thahir
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
The Creation

<p>The increase of urban population is closely interconnected to the demand for living spaces that accommodate various urban activities. When the balance between the need for, and the availability of, such spaces is disturbed, unlivable spaces are generated which would eventually downgrade the quality of urban environment. Bearing in mind the increasing clamor over global warming during the last two decades, Urban Planners should carefully anticipate the issue and put their focus on, and even provoke the creation of Sustainable Green Space Development, including the creation of open green urban spaces. Accommodating the aspirations and participation of citizens, through the application of the development principle based on “from, by and for them”, becomes a most important part of the strategy to achieve sustainable development patterns. The worsening environmental deterioration due to the stakeholders becoming unheedful about the issue should be taken into serious consideration. In the study, observations have been conducted in a descriptive manner by using a non randomized experimental design using control at three neighborhoods in West Jakarta, with one of them being the controller. It was showing that after the first 6 months, the application of green environment approach in the neighborhoods was maintained through self-help and communal actions. Community organizations that have been established on the spirit of mutual co-operation becomes determinative for the success of such sustainable pattern; the sustanability would in phases also improve the people’s economy and their social interaction. The involvement of local governments, the private sector and the community would also greatly influence the creation of Sustainable Green Development Pattern, and should continuously be evaluated and improved for replications in other locations in an ever perfect process.<br />Keywords: sustainable, green open space, participation, partnership.</p>

scholarly journals The construction of the Lachibaa Community Museum, in Magdalena Apasco, Etla Oaxaca. an approach to open government?

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-127
Author(s):  
Christian Cruz-Meléndez ◽  
Aguillón Aguillón Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Open Government ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
The Creation

Open Government emerged in 2009 as a new paradigm of public administration and a new way of dealing with public affairs, based on the pillars, Transparency, Participation, Collaboration, Innovation and Accountability. Local governments have also joined in this effort; however little is known about what is happening in the municipalities of Indigenous Normative Systems. This paper analyzes the creation of the Lachibaa Community Museum, in Magdalena Apasco, Oaxaca, as a Collaborative process (pillar) of the current Open Government approach. It is explored how Open Government can be present in indigenous municipalities, which have a special legal regime that recognizes and respects their uses and customs.

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