Evaluation of Maximum Daily Amount Milk Replacer on Automatic Milk Replacer Feeding System Nursing Program in Identical Twins of Japanese Black Calves

ABSTRACTFive hundred and seven British Friesian × Ayrshire bull calves were reared on a once-daily milk replacer feeding system from approximately 6 to 72 days of age in four naturally ventilated, unheated calf houses differing in design and degree of insulation. Environment within the calf houses was monitored each hour. Differences in design and degree of insulation produced small but significant differences in internal house temperature, humidity and air movement which had no measurable effect on calf daily live-weight gains.Calves receiving 0·6 kg/day compared with 0·3 or 0·4 kg/day of milk replacer plus concentrates ad libitum ate less concentrates but had higher daily live-weight gains (0·56 compared with 0·49 kg/day respectively) (P < 0·001). Rations supplying similar amounts of metabolizable energy from varying proportions of milk:concentrate resulted in comparable live-weight gains. Results suggest that calf viability was affected by level of nutrition and that low levels of milk replacer feeding resulted in higher mortality. Naturally ventilated, unheated calf houses were demonstrated to be suitable for rearing calves in south-west Scotland.

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A survey of factors effecting mortality and incidence of disease among purchased calves

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600014951 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 1984 ◽

pp. 141-141

Author(s):

R. J. Fallon ◽

F. J. Hante

Keyword(s):

Zinc Sulphate ◽

Serum Immunoglobulin ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

List Type ◽

Feeding System ◽

Type Number ◽

Turbidity Test ◽

Calf Mortality ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Feeding Systems

A survey was conducted on 3200 purchased Friesian male calves to see if any easily measured parameters could provide an indication of possible problems in the subsequent rearing of the animalsThe survey was conducted at the Agricultural Institute farm at Grange in the period January 1976 to June 1982. The effects of serum immunoglobulin status, purchase weight, calf source and feeding system on calf mortality and incidence of disease were assessed. The following catagories were used in the analysis.1.Immunoglobulin status as indicated by the Zinc Sulphate Turbidity Test (ZST). Calves were categorised as “low” (less than 15 ZST units) or “high” (greater than 15 ZST units).2.Purchase weight: Calves were categorised as “light”(less than 40kg) or “heavy”(more than 40kg).3.Calf source: Calves were categorised as “farm” (purchased direct from farms) or “market“ (purchased in auction markets).4.Feeding systems: Calves were categorised as “bucket” (individually penned on straw and fed various quantities of milk replacer by bucket) or “ad libitum” (group penned on straw and fed their milk replacer allowance ad libitum by teat).

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Effect of accommodating sucking and nosing on the behaviour of artificially reared piglets

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/0023677053739701 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 240-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T M Widowski ◽

Y Yuan ◽

J M Gardner

Keyword(s):

Social Housing ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Feeding System ◽

Sterile Water ◽

Artificial Rearing ◽

Neonatal Piglets ◽

Laboratory Facility ◽

Belly Nosing ◽

Over Time

Neonatal piglets are often used in biomedical research applications that require artificial rearing. Social housing can be problematic because the piglets develop belly nosing, navel and ear sucking that can result in injury. Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of using feeding devices that provide various opportunities for sucking and nosing behaviour on reducing piglet-directed behaviour of group-housed laboratory piglets. Fifteen piglets were used in each of four trials. The piglets nursed their dam for approximately 72 h to obtain passive immunity before transfer to a laboratory facility where they were allotted, five per group, to one of three stainless steel isolator units. Each unit featured a different style of feeding system for the delivery of milk replacer: a plastic trough (T), a nipple (N) mounted on a smooth plexiglass wall, or a nipple mounted on a pliant bag of sterile water (artificial udder [AU]). Each system had five feeding spaces so that all piglets fed simultaneously. Milk was provided at 6-h intervals, and behaviour was recorded on alternate days for 12 days post-weaning. Although trough-fed piglets began to eat much sooner than those piglets fed from nipples, time spent nosing, chewing or sucking on pen-mates and belly nosing were markedly higher in T piglets than in either N or AU, overall (mean: P <0.05) and over time (quadratic: P <0.05). Over time, N piglets developed a stereotypic snout rubbing on the wall behind the nipples, while AU piglets massaged and often fell asleep in contact with the udder from day 2 of the trial. Resting patterns were also affected. N and AU piglets settled down to rest more quickly (P <0.01) and spent significantly more time resting in the hour following feeding than T piglets (P <0.05). A feeding device that accommodates both sucking and massage can significantly reduce piglet-directed behaviour and may facilitate social housing of artificially reared piglets.

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Macronutrient and amino acids composition of milk replacers for dairy calves

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402018000100005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 47-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carla Maris Machado Bittar ◽

Jackeline Thais da Silva ◽

Hugh Chester-Jones

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Feeding System ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Amino Acids Composition ◽

Protein Milk ◽

Milk Replacers

SUMMARY Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.

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Behavioral Investigation of Group Rearing Calves in Automatic Milk Replacer Feeding System

Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho ◽

10.2508/chikusan.70.542 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 542-546

Author(s):

Shigeru MORITA ◽

Shinji SUGITA ◽

Mitsumasa YAMAMOTO ◽

Shinji HOSHIBA ◽

Takakazu UEMURA

Keyword(s):

Milk Replacer ◽

Feeding System

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Opportunities for Improving Feed Use Efficiency for Sustainable Dairy Production in Pakistan

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ieca2020-08826 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Muhammad Tariq

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Production Systems ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Published Data ◽

Free Access ◽

Dairy Production ◽

Feeding System ◽

Dairy Animals ◽

Use Efficiency

Buffalo and cattle are main dairy animals of Pakistan, making 30% of the total livestock. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%, followed by cattle (27%), rest (5%) by sheep, goats, and camels. They are kept both in rural as well as peri-urban dairy production systems. These dairy animals mostly strive on low-quality feed stuffs including roughages and crop-residues with poor nutritive value resulting in poor production and reproduction performance. Recent investigations and published data show that there is also an issue of unjustified feeding without considering the production and physiological stages of dairy animals, resulting in overfeeding of non-productive and under-feeding of productive animals, leading to poor feed use efficiency. There is also no separate feeding system for different classes of dairy animals. Furthermore, in the prevailing dairy production scenario, there is absence of an efficient feeding system especially devised for growing heifers (kept as replacement herd) keeping in view their feeding requirements that could reduce their age at puberty with a significant reduction in the cost of feeding. Similarly, the introduction of milk replacer and early weaning of calves are very effective ways without any adverse effects on growth when given free access to good quality calf starter, and it could add to dairy economics. Fodder scarcity during the winter months (November to January) and summer (May–June) in Pakistan is another big constraint toward sustainable dairying. It is concluded that more efficient feed utilization in these dairy production systems could be achieved by developing innovative approaches and solutions (hay and silage making) to fight these scarcity periods and developments in dairy nutrition, like the establishment of nutrient requirements for dairy animals for local dairy breeds, adopting group feeding practices of dairy animals according to the stage of lactation and production status, and proper feeding systems for growing heifers and effective milk replacer feeding for calves. These practical and innovative steps could effectively lead to sustained dairy production in Pakistan.

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Chronic myelocytic leukemia and identical twins. Additional evidence of the Philadelphia chromosome as postzygotic abnormality

Archives of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1001/archinte.120.2.214 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 214-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. O. Goh

Keyword(s):

Philadelphia Chromosome ◽

Identical Twins ◽

Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia ◽

Myelocytic Leukemia

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Effects of Increased Dietary Protein and Energy on Composition and Functional Capacities of Blood Mononuclear Cells from Vaccinated, Neonatal Calves

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.75.5.357 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 357-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Foote ◽

Nonnecke† ◽

Waters ◽

Palmer ◽

Beitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

B Cell ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

Ifn Gamma ◽

Functional Capacities

Effects of increased protein and energy provided by an intensified milk replacer on the antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune response of the neonatal calf were examined. Calves were fed a standard (0.45 kg/day of a 20% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) or intensified (1.14 kg/day of a 28% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age. All calves were vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) at 1 week of age. The daily weight gain of intensified-diet calves (0.62 kg/day) was greater than the weight gain of standard-diet calves (0.29 kg/day). Liver, kidney, heart, thymus, and subcervical lymph nodes from intensified-diet calves were heavier than the same organs from standard-diet calves. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations indicated that CD4+ cells, gamma delta TCR+ cells, and monocyte percentages, although unaffected by diet during the first 5 weeks of the study, were higher in intensified-diet calves at week 6. The decline in gamma deltad TCR+ cell percentages and increase in B cell percentages with increasing age seen in all calves are characteristic of the maturing immune system of the calf. CD8+ T cell or B cell percentages were not affected by diet. In intensified-diet calves, percentages of CD4+ expressing interleukin-2 receptor increased and percentages of gamma delta TCR+ cells expressing interleukin-2 receptor decreased with time. The same populations in standard-diet calves did not change with time. Percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells expressing MHC class II antigen, were unaffected by diet or age. Although mitogen-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma and nitric oxide (NO) secretion increased with age for all calves, PBMC from intensified-diet calves produced less IFN-gamma and more NO than did cells from standard-diet calves at week 6 of the study. Antigen-induced secretion of IFN-gamma and NO also increased with age but was unaffected by diet. Antigen-elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity was unaffected by diet, suggesting increased dietary protein and energy did not alter adaptive immunity in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that feeding calves a commercially available, intensified milk replacer affects minimally the composition and functional capacities of PBMC populations. Additional research is necessary to determine whether these subtle effects influence the calf’s susceptibility to infectious disease.

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Identical Twins: Individuals or Inseparable Couple?

Contemporary Psychology ◽

10.1037/027652 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 147-178

Author(s):

Henry P. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Identical Twins

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