Emirati 50-year economic plan offers mixed prospects

Significance It seeks to lessen direct government involvement in the economy, increase the importance of the private sector with a focus on high tech, improve business regulation, diversify from hydrocarbon revenues, reduce reliance on expatriate labour and upskill Emiratis. Impacts Growth in the digital, space, advanced and circular economies will be strong, because of high wages, low tax and capital availability. Unclear relations between federal and emirate-level plans such as Dubai 2040 and Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 may cause confusion. Parallel diversification efforts in Saudi Arabia could boost regional prosperity, but intensified competition also risks becoming zero-sum.

The limits of evidence-based anti-bribery law

Evidence-based regulation is a term of art that refers to the process of making decisions about regulation based on evidence generated through systematic research. There is increasing pressure to treat evidence-based regulation as a global best practice, including in the area of anti-bribery law. Too little attention has been paid to the fact that under certain conditions evidence-based regulation is likely to be a less appealing method of decision making than the alternative – namely, relying on judgment. Those conditions are: it is difficult to collect data on either interventions or outcomes; accurate causal inferences are difficult to draw; there is little warrant for believing that the same causal relationships will apply in a new context; or the decision makers in question lack the capacity to undertake one of these tasks. These conditions are likely to be present in complex, transnational, decentralized, and dynamic forms of business regulation such as the global anti-bribery regime.

The Milk Producers’ Organization and Indian dairy sector

The needs of the Milk Producers’ Organization are achieved by strengthening the scattered and poorly organized Indian milk producers, who lack access to resources and services. In fact, the Milk Producers’ Organization has emerged as an interface between the business environment and individual milk producers through forward and backward linkages, while facilitating the strength of collective action, bargaining power and economies of scale. It has thus responded appropriately to the economic and socio-cultural needs of producer members and surrounding entities. The National Accounts Statistics (2020) of India estimates that the contribution of livestock in total agriculture and allied sectors Gross Value Added (at Constant Prices) has reached to 28.63 per cent (2018-19) which again shows the importance of the Milk Producers’ Organization in a populous country such as India. The Organization extends its assistance in the form of financial support, technical inputs, milk productivity, quality produce, managing value chains, access to market actors and handling environmental and business regulation. This review paper outlines the key viewpoints and aims to explore how the Milk Producers’ Organization has built capabilities and optimized capacities in the existing scope and challenges of the Indian dairy sector. The livestock sector supports the livelihood of approximately 20.5 million people in India. India’s milk production is at 4.8% CAGR as opposed to 1.8% CAGR of global milk production. However, the Organization faces conflicting areas of interest, such as social concern and business demands and this ambivalence necessitates enabling policy and professionalism to steer organizational growth and sustainability. In view of the globalized business environment, the Milk Producers’ Organization has taken on the responsibility to compete both on the domestic and global markets. In view of emerging international trade practices, further study is required to establish mechanisms to deal with Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures. A co-operative business model can be further explored with additional utilization of bovine manure and unproductive bovines to re-establish a more cost efficient model to deal with global price levels of milk and dairy products.

Impact of the Digital Economy on the Priority Directions of Business Regulation

Aim. The presented study aims to determine the prerequisites and directions for the transformation of government regulation and support for business structures in the context of the digitalization of the economy and to propose approaches for assessing its implementation and specific tools that could help to solve problems of economic development.Tasks. The authors analyze government support for the business sector of the economy and identify its features at different stages of development; describe tools used for the management and support of business structures, identifying problems and opportunities for their successful application at the regional level to achieve sustainable economic growth in Russia.Methods. This study uses analysis and synthesis in comparative statics and in a dynamic context as well as historical, systems, and ex-ante approaches. Results. The study confirms that government regulation and support for entrepreneurship in the context of the digitalization of the economy should be considered within the framework of an integrated approach based on a dynamic analysis of indicators at the macro- and microlevel, which would make it possible to analyze the most vulnerable aspects of government support for business structures and to develop a roadmap of actions to be taken.Conclusions. The authors substantiate the necessity of using infrastructure tools in the management of entrepreneurial development in Russia to eliminate the constantly emerging and existing imbalances between the needs of digital development and lagging government influence. Adjustments that need to be made in monitoring, forecasting, planning, and control are identified. These adjustments would make it possible to implement the scenario approach to management, mitigating external and internal risks in the global market of goods and services.

Gender, Regulation Efficiency and Informal Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Regulation efficiency is essential in addressing the growing informal sector in developing countries because informality thrives with an inefficient legal and regulatory framework of an economy. This paper, therefore, seeks to explore the effect of regulations on informal employment across a panel of 36 sub-Saharan Africa from 2005 to 2018. The study includes both the business and labour aspects of regulation to analyse the effect. The fixed effect and GMM method of panel regression analysis was adopted to achieve the objective of the study. The result suggests that an increase in labour regulation efficiency is associated with a reduction in informal employment while there exists no significant relationship between efficient business regulation and informal employment. The study further investigates how the outcomes affect both genders and the output. The study suggests that efficient labour regulation is gender-specific, as the result is only consistent for the male. It is therefore imperative to incorporate more female gender-specific incentives in the social and labour regulations to compensate for the imbalance of social roles of women that may affect their choice to work in the formal or informal sector.

Incentives and disincentives for employment growth in the Russian small and medium-sized enterprise sector

Subject. I investigate the specifics of the State support impact on changes and structure of employment in the Russian sector of small and medium-sized businesses. Objectives. The aim is to identify factors and conditions that have a stimulating and limiting effect on changes in employment indicators in the said sector. Methods. The hypothesis of the study is that the change in the formal employment scale in the medium-term is determined by factors in the external business environment and the costs-benefits ratio of activities in the informal sector. To test the hypothesis, I perform a comparative analysis of scientific research results, study the data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, and surveys of small businesses. The article employs the classification of business regulation methods, which can be divided into support measures and incentive instruments of direct and indirect influence. Results. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis in general, and made it possible to identify the factors of the dynamics and restructuring of employment. During 2016–2019, insufficient market demand and high degree of risk influenced the dynamics of the number of employees of SMEs more than indirect effects of government support measures. Public policy instruments stimulating employment were targeted, primarily, at sole proprietors and self-employed. In 2020, the government used new instruments to encourage and support employment, which proved to be efficient. Conclusions. It seems realistic to achieve the national target of the number of employed in the considered sector by 2024.

The Impact Evaluation of the Authority Delegation from the District Mayor to the Department of Investment and One-Stop Service (OSS) on Economic Performance in Indonesia

This paper examines the impact of authority delegations, both licence and non-licence, from the district mayor to the Department of Investment and One-Stop Service (OSS) in the local government on Indonesia's economic performance. This authority delegation may simplify the regulation in doing business in Indonesia and create a more favorable business environment required to promote economic performance. However, this paper finds that the authority delegation has no significant impact on economic performance. A plausible underlying argument is that there are some constraints in the implementation, such as a lack of skilled personnel and weak internal governance, which impede the efforts to simplify the business regulation setting. Also, in terms of the cultural aspect, there are risk aversion behavior and a flawed perspective on entrepreneurial activities in Indonesian society, which may flourish the informal sectors with low productivity and technology, hampering the effectiveness of such reform in boosting economic performance.

Improvement of the Regulatory Framework of Regulation of Transnational Business in Azerbaijan

Though formation of the transnational business is based on common principles, this process appears in a specific form in various countries. Transnational business is different depending on the structure of the economy, the level of socio-economic development, organizational and management structure, national-ethnic characteristics, and the level of development of the state in various countries. At the same time, creating and justifying the fact that big, fast-growing and concentrated national companies are ranked in the rankings as TNB (transnational business) is one of the issues within the interest of state and economic science. Upon the Contract of the Century signed in September 1994, Azerbaijan has subsequently signed the production sharing agreements (PSAs) on “Garabakh”, “Dan ulduzu” and “Ashrafi” fields. The biggest TNBs, such as BP, Amoko, Penzoil and Unocal, have their share in oil fields from Azerbaijan. Up to 70% of all investments in the Azerbaijani economy are invested in the oil industry, about 80% of which is imposed by the foreign TNBs. This figure indicates that the TNB has a great role in the economy of Azerbaijan. TNB has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Azerbaijan. As Azerbaijan’s transnational business develops, various problems also arise. For instance, the problems between the TNB and the Azerbaijan Trade Unions Department, the problems between Britis Petrolium and the Azerbaijan Government, etc. The problems they face with the host countries have begun to show itself in Azerbaijan too. Transnational business regulation is a very urgent issue over the world. The scientists have increasingly investigated the legal aspects of the TNB regulation. This article is dedicated to the actions that are being taken and important to be taken to regulate transnational business at the state level in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the regulation methodology is proposed.

Economic Justification, Russia Business Regulation and Risk Management in Russian Companies: Limited Liability Company "SSK"

The Russian government's plan to reduce spending, plan not to extend the stimulus package and have the possibility of raising taxes by 2021 are steps to be taken. One of the objectives of the policy of the Russian Federation is to provide the conditions for complete economic development for all levels of society. This study aims to explain how one company in the Russian Federation in the city of Kazan is related to increasing corporate liquidity and risk management. This study uses quantitative analysis methods with liquidity analysis approaches and corporate risk assessment. The results of this study explain that a company in the Russian Federation in the city of Kazan can develop measures to increase corporate liquidity and risk management. The International Monetary Fund also warned that the Russian government's conservative economic policies could impede an immediate recovery - especially in the context of the second wave of infections that pushed the country's healthcare system to its limits.