The role of citizenship in building a strong state "Iraq as a model"

2019 ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Raed Rabie Fadhil
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Strong State ◽  
Political Association ◽  
State's Rights

Citizenship is a social, legal and political association that contributed significantly to the development of the human society besides promoting the state to equality, justice and equity, in the sense that it is not an ethnic or religious one. There are constitutions that regulate the lives of citizens and preserve their various rights and have duties towards their state, in the sense that they preserve the state's rights towards citizens, and lead to increased confidence in the citizen and the state towards one another.       Therefore, citizenship is not only texts and documents, but holds responsibility on an equal footing, and prioritize the public interests of society and the state over private interests by respecting laws and laws and protecting the state when it is in danger, which creates a positive, effective and continuous citizenship, and establishes a partnership in the development of society through Citizen and state at the same time.

Disciplinary practices in the French auditing profession

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Lesage ◽  
Geraldine Hottegindre ◽  
Charles Richard Baker
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Anglo American

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understand the role of the statutory auditing profession in France. The study is theoretically based on distinctions between a functionalist view of professions and a neo-weberian view. Prior research, conducted in Anglo-American countries has shown that the auditing profession has focussed primarily on protecting the private interests of the profession. Hence, there is a need to conduct research on this topic in a code law country where the state is expected to play a significant role in protecting the public interest. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology involves a content analysis of 148 disciplinary decisions issued against statutory auditors in France from 1989 to 2006. This analysis identified 21 types of violations grouped into public interest or private interest offences. Because visible offences are public and are more likely to threaten the reputation of the profession, these types of decisions are also studied with respect to their visibility. Findings – The results reveal that in a code law country such as France the auditing profession tends to defend both the public interest as well as its private interests. The results also support the “visibility” effect. Research limitations/implications – The written disciplinary decisions have been anonymized so that the names of the auditors and the clients cannot be identified. Originality/value – This paper differs from previous studies conducted in the Anglo-American context which show an emphasis on protecting the private interests of the auditing profession. Moreover, this study reveals the existence of “mixed” offences and underlines that a profession primarily focusses on these cases. Thus, the work reconciles in part the functionalist and neo-weberian perspectives. Lastly, this paper confirms the importance of the visibility effect.

scholarly journals Taxation of Digital Companies: Experience of Russia and Other CountriesLegal Regulation of Non-Judicial Methods of Consideration and Resolution of Tax Disputes: Tax Ombudsman, Tax Arbitration and Mediation in Tax Disputes

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-147
Author(s):  
Murat Adam
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Tax Arbitration ◽  
Legal Mechanism ◽  
State Body

Probably, as in any state, in the sphere of legal regulation of relations between business and the state, the public interests of the state are always above the private interests of business. Any democratic and legal state, including Kazakhstan, is based on the principles of equality of all before the law and the court, as well as the rule of law. The tax legislation of Kazakhstan does not provide for a legal mechanism for the consideration of tax disputes arising between a taxpayer and an authorized state body by any non-judicial organizations. All tax disputes are subject to consideration on complaints of the taxpayer to the higher authorized tax authority and only after receiving the decision of the higher state body, this dispute can be referred to the court. This paper deals with problematic issues of tax law related to the attribution of all tax disputes to consideration exclusively by the higher authorized tax authority and later by the court, which always guard the interests of the state, which in practice causes distrust of businessmen and investors to the state. In this regard, this paper examines out-of-court methods of resolving tax disputes, international experience in resolving tax disputes by out-of-court organizations.

More Than Just Food

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Tarulevicz
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Global City ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
New States

This concluding chapter examines the role of nostalgia in food culture. Singapore has experienced incredible growth and has emerged as a global city. In an attempt to avoid the resulting sterility, the Singaporean state seeks to capitalize on the people's growing nostalgia. Nostalgia, always a problematic concept in new states, is being negotiated by a direct engagement with food culture. As such, the state—in conjunction with private interests and the public—is actively promoting food nostalgia as cosmopolitanism. But there is also a risk, one that this book seeks to avoid, of creating an image of Singapore defined only by its food.

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF LOBISTRY ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: REALITIES TODAY AND EVOLUTIONARY FORECAST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Tikhon Sergeyevich Yarovoy
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Groups

The article is devoted to the research of goals and functions of lobbying activity. The author has processed the ideas of domestic and foreign scientists, proposed his own approaches to the definition of goals and functions of lobbying activities through the prism of public administration. As a result, a generalized vision of the goals and functions of lobbying activities as interrelated elements of the lobbying system was proposed, and a forecast for further evolution of the goals and functions of domestic lobbying was provided. The analysis of lobbying functions allowed us to notice the tendencies in shifting the goals of this activity. If the objectives were fully covered by functions such as mediation between citizens and the state, the information function and the function of organizing plurality of public interests, then the role of strengthening the self-organization of civil society and the function of compromise become increasingly important in the process of formation in the developed countries of civil society and the development of telecommunication technologies. Ukrainian lobbyism will not be left to the side of this process. Already, politicians of the highest level, leaders of financial and industrial groups have to act, adjust their goals (even if they are — declared), taking into account the reaction of the public. In the future, this trend will only increase. The analysis of current research and political events provides all grounds for believing that, while proper regulatory legislation is being formed in Ukraine, the goals and functions of domestic lobbying will essentially shift towards a compromise with the public. It is noted that in spite of the existence of a basic direction of action, lobbying may have several ramified goals. Guided by the goals set, lobbyism can manifest itself in various spheres of the political system of society, combining the closely intertwined interests of various actors in the lobbying process, or even — contrasting them.

scholarly journals Nonprofit Arts Organizations’ Pursuit of Public Interests: The Role of Board Diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Arts Organizations ◽  
Board Governance ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Board Diversity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nonprofit Boards ◽  
Nonprofit Arts

Abstract Although nonprofit organizations are expected to contribute to public interests, their tax exemption does not necessarily entail serving the broader public. What, then, makes nonprofit organizations orient their work externally, serving the broader public, instead of internally, pursuing private goals? This paper examines this question by studying the link between nonprofits’ board governance, with a specific focus on boards’ racial diversity, and their contribution to public interests. The analysis of the 2015 US Local Arts Agency Census reveals that boards’ racial diversity is closely related with nonprofit arts organizations’ participation in serving the broader public through civic engagement and community development activities. The findings offer insights on how nonprofit boards, which are neither publicly elected nor publicly accountable, can be trusted to attend to broader issues of the public interest.

scholarly journals Contested Numbers: Census Controversies and the Press in 1960s Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Gerardo Serra ◽  
Morten Jerven
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
The State ◽  
Population Census ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The Public Sphere

Abstract This article reconstructs the controversies following the release of the figures from Nigeria's 1963 population census. As the basis for the allocation of seats in the federal parliament and for the distribution of resources, the census is a valuable entry point into postcolonial Nigeria's political culture. After presenting an overview of how the Africanist literature has conceptualized the politics of population counting, the article analyses the role of the press in constructing the meaning and implications of the 1963 count. In contrast with the literature's emphasis on identification, categorization, and enumeration, our focus is on how the census results informed a broader range of visual and textual narratives. It is argued that analysing the multiple ways in which demographic sources shape debates about trust, identity, and the state in the public sphere results in a richer understanding of the politics of counting people and narrows the gap between demographic and cultural history.

The Legal Framework for Foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1750 to 1918

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-172
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Law

Foundations, as permanent funds established by a certain legal act, can serve manifold purposes, but often pursue charitable goals. As such, they play an important role for the public good. Therefore, states always had an interest in fostering foundations by providing a pertinent legal framework. In Austria, this topic has not yet been the focus of scholarship. Through this study some light is shed on the implementation of the law on foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on the role of the state and its legal system regarding the regulation and supervision of foundations from 1750 to 1918. This period is characterized by the sovereigns’ endeavor to regulate the position of foundations via extensive legislation. In particular, a system of oversight for foundations was created in order to guarantee the attainment of their charitable goals. In fact, this system prevailed until the end of the 20thcentury.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE PUBLIC EDUCATION OF THE SURKHAN OASIS(ON EXAMPLE IN THEYEARS OF INDEPENDENCE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Sabohat B. Radjabova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of Women

It is scientifically analyzed information about the activity of women in the education system of Surkhandarya region in the period of independence years and their achievements in this field through statistical data with examples over the years in this article. It is emphasized that the state pays attention to the work activities of selfless women, who have been awarded many medals and medals in this region, such as the Medal of “Shukhrat”, the Order of “Saglom avlod uchun”, the title of "Xalk ta`limi a`lochisi", is also mentioned separately

scholarly journals PERANAN NEGARA DAN HUKUM DALAM MEMBERANTAS KEMISKINAN DENGAN MEWUJUDKAN KESEJAHTERAAN UMUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Yohanes Suhardin
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Product

AbstrakThe role of the state in combating poverty is very strategic. Combatingpoverty means to free citizens who are poor. The strategic role given thenational ideals (read: state) is the creation of public welfare. Therefore,countries in this regard the government as the organizer of the state musthold fast to the national ideals through legal product that is loaded withsocial justice values in order to realize common prosperity. Therefore, thenature of the law is justice, then in the context of the state, the lawestablished for the creation of social justice. Law believed that social justiceas the path to the public welfare so that the Indonesian people in a relativelyshort time to eradicate poverty.

scholarly journals KONSEP WELLFARE STATE DI INDONEISA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winda Roselina Effendi
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Services ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Economy System ◽  
Economy System

Walfare State concept born in the era of the 20th century as a correction of the development of the concept of the country as night watchman, the phenomenon of economic capitalism that gradually leads to lameness in the distribution of sources of prosperity. In the Walfare State concept, the state is required to extend its responsibility to the socio-economic problems facing the people. The functions of the state also include activities that were previously beyond the scope of state functions, such as extending the provision of social services to individuals and families in specific matters, such as social security. The role of the state can not be separated with Welfare State because the state that plays a role in managing the economy which includes the responsibility of the state to ensure the availability of basic welfare services in certain levels. Welfare State does not reject the existence of a capitalist market economy system but believes that there are elements in the public order that are more important than market objectives and can only be achieved by controlling and limiting the operation of such market mechanisms.Keywords: walfare state, country, economic systemKonsep Walfare State yang lahir di era abad ke-20 sebagai koreksi berkembangnya konsep negara sebagai penjaga malam, gejala kapitalisme perekonomian yang secara perlahan-lahan menyebabkan terjadinya kepincangan dalam pembagian sumber-sumber kemakmuran bersarma. Dalam konsep Walfare State, negara dituntut untuk memperluas tanggung jawabnya kepada masalah-masalah sosial ekonomi yang dihadapi rakyat. Fungsi negara juga meliputi kegiatan-kegiatan yang sebelumnya berada diluar jangkauan fungsi negara, seperti memperluas ketentuan pelayanan sosial kepada individu dan keluarga dalam hal-hal khusus, seperti social security, kesehatan.  Peran negara tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan Welfare State karena negara yang berperan dalam mengelola perekonomian yang yang di dalamnya mencakup tanggung jawab negara untuk menjamin ketersediaan pelayanan kesejahteraan dasar dalam tingkat tertentu. Welfare State tidak menolak keberadaan sistem ekonomi pasar kapitalis tetapi meyakini bahwa ada elemen-elemen dalam tatanan masyarakat yang lebih penting dari tujuan-tujuan pasar dan hanya dapat dicapai dengan mengendalikan dan membatasi bekerjanya mekanisme pasar tersebut. Kata Kunci: walfare state, negara,sistem ekonomi 

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