The Impact of BRICS in Reconstructing the International Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Tareq Mohammed Dhannoon AL Taie
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Active Role ◽  
International Order ◽  
First Century ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

The BRICS countries have a historical aspiration for global leadership, especially Russia and China, and other countries trying to have a position in the pyramid of international powers in the twenty-first century, especially Brazil, India and South Africa, they worked to unify their efforts, in order to achieve integration in the strategic action, activate its role in International affairs, ending American domination , and restructuring an international system that have an active role in its interactions.       The research hypothesis is based on the idea that the BRICS group, despite the nature of its economic composition and its long-term goals, but its political influence as a bloc, is greater than the proportion of its economic influence in restructuring the new international order. The BRICS group has the capabilities to reshape the international order, but disputes among some of its members represent a challenge to its future work. Its goals will not be achieved without teamwork. Third world countries, especially those that reject unipolarism, have regarded one of the pillars supporting multi-polarity, aiming of giving them freedom of movement in international relations. The ultimate goal of the BRICS is a political nature, as economic mechanisms are used to achieve political goals.

The Hazards of Translating Wheaton’s Elements of International Law into Chinese

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Cheung ◽  
Maranatha Fung
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
International Order ◽  
First Century ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
Traditional Chinese Culture ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
The Impact

This chapter considers to what extent Henry Wheaton’s Elements of International Law was accurately translated into Chinese by WAP Martin in the 1860s. By conducting close textual analysis of selected translated words or phrases and exploring the impact of traditional Chinese culture and Chinese ways of thinking on the first ever attempt of translating a complete piece of Western international law literature into the Chinese language, we uncover the incommensurability of the Western and Chinese ideas of international order and a potential alternative or challenge to the traditional Western perception of international law. Our analysis may also shed some light on the Chinese understanding of international order in the twenty-first century.

State Representative: The Thucydides Trap and the Future of Global Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 100-103
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Helal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Great Power ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Political Drama ◽  
Thucydides Trap

Imagining an alternative institutional and normative architecture for global governance must proceed on the bases of an identification and understanding of the principal challenges facing the international system. In my view, the gravest challenge facing the international system, and perhaps the greatest political drama of the twenty-first century, is the ongoing shift in the global balance of power. As we move from a U.S.-led unipolar system to a world in which non-Western powers, particularly China, exercise greater influence in international affairs, the foremost priority for global governance is to ensure that this transition proceeds peacefully and to minimize the potential for Great Power conflict, especially between the United States and China.

scholarly journals Japan in the Russia - U.S. Relations

2015 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
S. V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International System ◽  
World Order ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the impact of the crisis in Russia - U. S. relations in connection with the events surrounding Ukraine on the world system and its key component - the Asia-Pacific region where Japan plays a crucial role. The author assumes that the international relations have no common understanding of the rules of engagement between the USA, the Group of Seven, Russia and the BRICS countries. As a result, the leading countries of the world are guided by conflicting scenarios. The article deals with the American scenario in relation to China and the Russian Federation and the Russian one in relation to polycentric and the U. S. - centered world orders. The most important element of the American scenario in relation to Beijing is Japan. This country is central to Washington's policy to contain China. Tokyo is headed for the rapid rejection of pacifist principles of its foreign policy. Russian scenario for the international system is in an active course to establishing a polycentric world order. United States' scenario against Russia in this regard is a containment strategy of Moscow. The central component of this strategy, as it can be assumed, is a violation of the strategic balance in US - Russian relations. However, Ukraine has become a major springboard to contain Russia. Instead of establishing equal Russian - American relations United States and their allies (under American pression) have chosen a policy of isolating Moscow, but such actions are blocking the Russian - Japanese rapprochement beneficial both for Tokyo and Kremlin, which is interested in deepening its ties with Japan in order to diversify its relations with Asia-Pacific area. The author concludes that the long-term interests of Russia and Japan dictate both sides to move closer, but the policy of the U.S. administration towards Russia on the Ukranian question blocks this possibility.

Food Safety Security: A new Concept for Enhancing Food Safety Measures

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesh Iyengar ◽  
Ibrahim Elmadfa
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
The Impact

The food safety security (FSS) concept is perceived as an early warning system for minimizing food safety (FS) breaches, and it functions in conjunction with existing FS measures. Essentially, the function of FS and FSS measures can be visualized in two parts: (i) the FS preventive measures as actions taken at the stem level, and (ii) the FSS interventions as actions taken at the root level, to enhance the impact of the implemented safety steps. In practice, along with FS, FSS also draws its support from (i) legislative directives and regulatory measures for enforcing verifiable, timely, and effective compliance; (ii) measurement systems in place for sustained quality assurance; and (iii) shared responsibility to ensure cohesion among all the stakeholders namely, policy makers, regulators, food producers, processors and distributors, and consumers. However, the functional framework of FSS differs from that of FS by way of: (i) retooling the vulnerable segments of the preventive features of existing FS measures; (ii) fine-tuning response systems to efficiently preempt the FS breaches; (iii) building a long-term nutrient and toxicant surveillance network based on validated measurement systems functioning in real time; (iv) focusing on crisp, clear, and correct communication that resonates among all the stakeholders; and (v) developing inter-disciplinary human resources to meet ever-increasing FS challenges. Important determinants of FSS include: (i) strengthening international dialogue for refining regulatory reforms and addressing emerging risks; (ii) developing innovative and strategic action points for intervention {in addition to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) procedures]; and (iii) introducing additional science-based tools such as metrology-based measurement systems.

The position of the State in the international system from the perspective of major schools of thought in international relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Salah Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Mahaa Ahmed Al-Mawla
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Vision

The Study is based on the state as one of the main pillars in international politics. In additions, it tackles its position in the international order from the major schools perspectives in international relations, Especially, these schools differ in the status and priorities of the state according to its priorities, also, each scholar has a different point of view. The research is dedicated to providing a future vision of the state's position in the international order in which based on the vision of the major schools in international relations.

Relay Selection-aware Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Networks: Direct and Relaying Mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354
Author(s):  
Dinh-Thuan Do ◽  
Minh-Sang V. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Relay Selection ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Fixed Power ◽  
Transmission Quality ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Outage Probabilities ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Objective: In this paper, Decode-and-Forward (DF) mode is deployed in the Relay Selection (RS) scheme to provide better performance in cooperative downlink Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) networks. In particular, evaluation regarding the impact of the number of multiple relays on outage performance is presented. Methods: As main parameter affecting cooperative NOMA performance, we consider the scenario of the fixed power allocations and the varying number of relays. In addition, the expressions of outage probabilities are the main metric to examine separated NOMA users. By matching related results between simulation and analytical methods, the exactness of derived formula can be verified. Results: The intuitive main results show that in such cooperative NOMA networks, the higher the number of relays equipped, the better the system performance can be achieved. Conclusion: DF mode is confirmed as a reasonable selection scheme to improve the transmission quality in NOMA. In future work, we will introduce new relay selections to achieve improved performance.

Finding Faith in Foreign Policy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio Bettiza
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Muslim Politics ◽  
The Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War, religion has been systematically brought to the fore of American foreign policy. US foreign policymakers have been increasingly tasked with promoting religious freedom globally, delivering humanitarian and development aid abroad through faith-based channels, pacifying Muslim politics and reforming Islamic theologies in the context of fighting terrorism, and engaging religious actors to solve multiple conflicts and crises around the world. Across a range of different domains, religion has progressively become an explicit and organized subject and object of US foreign policy in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. If God was supposed to be vanquished by the forces of modernity and secularization, why has the United States increasingly sought to understand and manage religion abroad? In what ways have the boundaries between faith and state been redefined as religion has become operationalized in American foreign policy? What kind of world order is emerging in the twenty-first century as the most powerful state in the international system has come to intervene in sustained and systematic ways in sacred landscapes around the globe? This book addresses these questions by developing an original theoretical framework and drawing upon extensive empirical research and interviews. It argues that American foreign policy and religious forces have become ever more inextricably entangled in an age witnessing a global resurgence of religion and the emergence of a postsecular world society.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
First Century ◽  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Metaphysics Of Time ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Impact

This Conclusion draws the study to a close, and recounts its developmental theses. The first thesis is that the complexity of positions on time (and space) defended in early modern thought is hugely under-appreciated. An enormous variety of positions were defended during this period, going far beyond the well-known absolutism–relationism debate. The second thesis is that during this period three distinct kinds of absolutism can be found in British philosophy: Morean, Gassendist, and Newtonian. The chapter concludes with a few notes on the impact of absolutism within and beyond philosophy: on twenty-first-century metaphysics of time; and on art, geology, and philosophical theology.

Emerging Powers and Global Health Governance: The Case of BRICS Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
First Century ◽  
Global Health Governance ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Health Diplomacy ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Emerging Powers

Focusing on BRICS countries, this chapter examines the profound implications arising from the growing and future role of emerging powers in global health governance (GHG). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, not only did BRICS countries shift towards net donors, but also their efforts in global health agenda setting and norm development increased. Their policy and practice in conducting health diplomacy constitute an alternative to the existing GHG paradigm. However, their role in GHG remains limited and mixed, as shown in the relatively small size of development assistance for health (DAH), a selective and state-centric approach to developing and participating in global health institutions, and the lack of progress working together and translating policy rhetoric into action. It is still too early to view these efforts as a counterbalance or counterforce to industrialized countries in GHG.

scholarly journals Modulation of Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Polypyrrole: The Impact on Neurogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Kateřina Skopalová ◽  
Katarzyna Anna Radaszkiewicz ◽  
Věra Kašpárková ◽  
Jaroslav Stejskal ◽  
Patrycja Bober ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Conducting Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Erk Kinase

The active role of biomaterials in the regeneration of tissues and their ability to modulate the behavior of stem cells in terms of their differentiation is highly advantageous. Here, polypyrrole, as a representantive of electro-conducting materials, is found to modulate the behavior of embryonic stem cells. Concretely, the aqueous extracts of polypyrrole induce neurogenesis within embryonic bodies formed from embryonic stem cells. This finding ledto an effort to determine the physiological cascade which is responsible for this effect. The polypyrrole modulates signaling pathways of Akt and ERK kinase through their phosphorylation. These effects are related to the presence of low-molecular-weight compounds present in aqueous polypyrrole extracts, determined by mass spectroscopy. The results show that consequences related to the modulation of stem cell differentiation must also be taken into account when polypyrrole is considered as a biomaterial.

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