scholarly journals IONIC SPECIATION IN A DYSTROPHIC RED LATOSOL UNDER COFFEE CROP AND HIGH DOSES OF GYPSUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Barbara Zini Ramos ◽  
Jose Maria De Lima ◽  
Milson Evaldo Serafim ◽  
Aline Renee Coscione ◽  
Raul Magalhaes Ferraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
High Doses

The cultivation of coffe crops in Brazil, especially on Latosols, has been increasing over the years, despite limitations such as aluminum toxicity, low fertility and very long drought periods. In this scenario, soil amendments to mitigate these restraints are necessary. Since these limitations are not restricted to the arable layer, application of gypsum becomes an efficient alternative to sustain soil fertility and deepen the root system to get water from the deeper layers of soil. However, high doses of gypsum can cause unbalance among Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>. The objective of this work was to evaluate these bases as well as their ionic pairs, and the presence of sulfate along the soil profile 16 months after the application of high gypsum doses in a Latosol under coffee crops. An inicial dose of gypsum was applied in the entire area, followed by four treatments, in triplicate and randomized blocks, set as follows: G0 - zero gypsum applied over the planting line after the initial soil preparation; G7- 7 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of gypsum in the planting line (1.75 kg m<sup>-1</sup>); G56 - 56 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of gypsum in the planting line (14 kg m<sup>-1</sup>), all with brachiaria between the coffee planting lines; and CV7 - 7 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of gypsum in the line and no brachiaria between the planting lines. The soil profile was sampled in layers up to 2.40 m depth and the soil solution was extracted by suctioning the sample-saturated paste. Following this extraction, the soil solution was analyzed by combustion for total carbon contents, ion chromatography and ICP-OES/flame photometry, for chemical species, and speciation was done using Minteq software. After 16 months of gypsum application, 96% of K<sup>+</sup> in soil solution was at 0.35 to 0.45 m in its free form. Leaching of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> occurred predominantly in their free forms, although a more significant contribution of CaSO<sub>4</sub> <sup>0</sup> and MgSO<sub>4</sub> <sup>0</sup> ionic pairs was observed when compared to K2SO<sub>4</sub><sup>0</sup>.

scholarly journals The Roles of Dietary Glutamate in the Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (Suppl. 5) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tomé
Keyword(s):  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
High Doses

Glutamate (Glu), either as one of the amino acids of protein or in free form, constitutes up to 8–10% of amino acid content in the human diet, with an intake of about 10–20 g/day in adults. In the intestine, postprandial luminal Glu concentrations can be of the order of mM and result in a high intra-mucosal Glu concentration. Glu absorbed from the intestinal lumen is for a large part metabolized by enterocytes in various pathways, including the production of energy to support intestinal motility and functions. Glu is the most important fuel for intestinal tissue, it is involved in gut protein metabolism and is the precursor of different important molecules produced within the intestinal mucosa (2-oxoglutarate, L-alanine, ornithine, arginine, proline, glutathione, γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]). Studies in adult humans, pigs, piglets or preterm infants indicate that a large proportion of Glu is metabolized in the intestine, and that for the usual range of Glu dietary intake (bound Glu and free Glu including added Glu as a food additive in normal amounts up to 1 g/day), circulating Glu is tightly maintained at rather low concentrations. Systemic blood levels of Glu transiently rise when high doses monosodium glutamate (> 10–12 g), higher than normal human dietary consumption, are ingested and normalize within 2 h after the offset of consumption. Glu is also involved in oral and post oral nutrient chemosensing that involves gustatory nerves and both humoral and neural (vagal) gut-brain pathways with an impact on gut function and feeding behavior. Glu functions as a signaling molecule in the enteric nervous system and modulates neuroendocrine reflexes in the gastrointestinal tract. The oral taste sensation of Glu involves its binding to the oral umami taste receptors that triggers the cephalic phase response of digestion to prepare for food digestion. Glu is sensed again in the gut, inducing a visceral sensation that enhances additional gut digestive processes through the visceral sense (vago-vagal reflex).

scholarly journals CONTAMINATION BY HEAVY METALS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES: REFLECTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Diniz dos Santos ◽  
Gil Dutra Furtado ◽  
Cíntia Cleub Neves Batista
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Dissolved Metals ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anthropic Influence

Nowadays, the vast majority of aquatic bodies suffer some kind of anthropic influence due to the great expansion of urban areas and consequently industrial areas, with the pollution coming into such environments. One of the types of pollutants present in the environment are heavy metals, which are found naturally in water bodies due to the weathering of rocks and volcanic activities. The present work is of bibliographic nature, based on searches in the bibliography pertinent to the theme. It is possible to state that with anthropic intervention, such metals become common and are found in greater quantities in the environment in a free form. Thus, some of the most common sources of release of heavy metals into the environment are fertilizers, pesticides, coal and oil combustion, vehicular emissions, mining, smelting, refinement and incineration of urban and industrial waste. Thus making contamination of humans with heavy metals more and more common, one of the most common and easy forms of contamination is through food. The absorption of metals by animals can occur in two ways, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The first occurs through the diffusion or ingestion of the dissolved metals in the water, which occur through the gills or the digestive tract and then lodges in the animals' tissues, so that the organism cannot absorb it, thus obtaining a bioaccumulative character. In the trophic biomagnification or magnification, the concentration of metals in the organism occurs gradually through the trophic levels. The transfer of contaminants through the food chain characterizes such a process that passes from producers to consumers and the longer the chain, the greater the concentration on the final consumer. Therefore, we can emphasize that the concentration and absorption content of such substances are relative and depend on several environmental and physiological factors that vary between species of beings. Metal poisoning can cause serious damage, such as low fertility, decreased immune defenses, reduced growth rate and pathologies that can lead to senescence. Metals can cause different problems in humans, most of which are of a motor nature, as they directly affect the central nervous system (CNS), and can cause memory loss, uncontrolled limb tremors, muscle atrophy, kidney injuries, among others.

scholarly journals Dynamic of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon in an alpine forested catchment: atmospheric deposition and soil solution trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 41-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Balestrini ◽  
Carlo Andrea Delconte ◽  
Andrea Buffagni ◽  
Alessio Fumagalli ◽  
Michele Freppaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Forest Floor Leachates ◽  
Throughfall Deposition

A number of studies have reported decreasing trends of acidifying and N deposition inputs to forest areas throughout Europe and the USA in recent decades. There is a need to assess the responses of the ecosystem to declining atmospheric pollution by monitoring the variations of chemical species in the various compartments of the forest ecosystem on a long temporal scale. In this study, we report on patterns and trends in throughfall deposition concentrations of inorganic N, dissolved organic N (DON) and C (DOC) over a 20-year (1995–2015) period in the LTER site -Val Masino (1190 m a.s.l.), a spruce forest, in the Central Italian Alps. The same chemical species were studied in the litter floor leachates and mineral soil solution, at three different depths (15, 40 and 70 cm), over a 10-year period (2005–2015). Inorganic N concentration was drastically reduced as throughfall and litter floor leachates percolated through the topsoil, where the measured mean values (2 µeq L-1) were much lower than the critical limits established for coniferous stands (14 µeq L-1). The seasonal temperature dependence of throughfall DOC and DON concentration suggests that the microbial community living on the needles was the main source of dissolved organic matter. Most of DOC and DON infiltrating from the litter floor were retained in the mineral soil. The rainfall amount was the only climatic factor exerting a control on DOC and N compounds in throughfall and forest floor leachates over a decadal period. Concentration of SO4 and NO3 declined by 50% and 26% respectively in throughfall deposition. Trends of NO3 and SO4 in forest floor leachates and mineral soil solution mirrored declining depositions. No trends in both DON and DOC concentration and in DOC/DON ratio in soil solutions were observed. These outcomes suggest that the declining NO3 and SO4 atmospheric inputs did not influence the dynamic of DON and DOC in the Val Masino forest. The results of this study are particularly relevant, as they are based on a comprehensive survey of all the main compartments of the forest ecosystem. Moreover, this kind of long-term research has rarely been carried out in the Alpine region.

scholarly journals Downward Movement of Potentially Toxic Elements in Biosolids Amended Soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Irene Torri ◽  
Rodrigo Studart Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Amended Soils

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils are mainly associated with the solid phase, bound to the surface of solid components, or precipitated as minerals. For most PTEs, only a small portion is dissolved in the soil solution. However, there is an interest in following the fate of mobile PTEs in the environment, for a growing amount of evidence indicates that downward movement of PTEs may occur in biosolids amended soils, leading to groundwater contamination. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that control the release of these elements after land application of biosolids, in order to overcome problems related to downward movement of PTEs in the soil profile.

Elevated Plasma Aluminum Levels in Normal Infants Receiving Antacids Containing Aluminum

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
V. Marc Tsou ◽  
Rose M. Young ◽  
Michael H. Hart ◽  
Jon A. Vanderhoof
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Normal Renal Function ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Aluminum Level ◽  
Aluminum Accumulation ◽  
High Doses

Aluminum toxicity is a documented cause of encephalopathy, anemia, and osteomalacia. Excretion is primarily renal; therefore, patients with renal insufficiency are at risk for aluminum accumulation and toxicity. This has been demonstrated in uremic children treated with aluminum-containing antacids. The purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma aluminum levels were elevated in infants with normal renal function during prolonged aluminum-containing antacid use. Ten study infants (mean age = 5.8 months), who had been receiving antacids for at least 1 week, were compared with 16 control infants (mean age = 9.8 months) not receiving antacids. The study patients consumed 123 ± 16 mg/kg per day (mean ± SEM) of elemental aluminum for an average of 4.7 weeks. Their plasma aluminum level (37.2 ± 7.13 µg/L) was significantly greater than that of the control group (4.13 ± 0.66 µg/L) (P &lt; .005). It is concluded that plasma aluminum levels may become elevated in infants with normal renal function who are consuming high doses of aluminum-containing antacids. The safety of antacids containing aluminum should not be assumed and they should be used judiciously in infants, with careful monitoring of the aluminum dose and plasma level.

scholarly journals ‘Nude’, a new hairless gene with pleiotropic effects in the mouse

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Hairless Gene ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups ◽  
Image Position

1. Nude is a new recessive gene causing hairlessness in the mouse. It is linked to rex and trembler in linkage group VII. The order of the three loci and the recombination frequencies are as follows:2. In addition to hairlessness the new gene causes reduced body growth rate, very low fertility and a liver disease causing death. Nude mice may be classified at birth by the absence of vibrissae.3. The hairlessness is due to abnormal keratinization of hair in the follicles. The skin histology resembles that of naked mice. The hair follicles were found to be deficient in free sulphydryl groups.4. The majority of nude mice die of general body weakness within 2 weeks of birth. The survivors grow slowly and may live for a considerable period. But all nude mice eventually die, usually between 3 and 14 weeks of age.5. The livers of dead or moribund nude mice are covered with lesions and scars. The defect has been traced histologically to its initial stage, namely, necrosis of small areas of tissue.6. Attempts to relate the deficiency of sulphydryl groups in the hair follicles to abnormal sulphur metabolism in the liver were unsuccessful.7. Pseudo-cysts of a parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, were identified in the liver and brain of nude mice. In one case the free form of the organism was found.8. The possible relationship between the liver disease and the pathogenic organism is discussed.

scholarly journals CORN DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN FUNCTION OF SOURCES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS AND DOSES

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-821
Author(s):  
FERNANDO CASTRO OLIVEIRA ◽  
MAURILIO DE SOUSA NETTO ◽  
LUCAS DA SILVA ARAUJO ◽  
ANDRÉ CIRILO DE SOUSA ALMEIDA ◽  
PEDRO MARQUES DA SILVEIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients that have the most significant effect on corn grain productivity increase. In order to evaluate the effect of sources of N topdressing and doses in the grown corn culture, in a conventional till system, it was installed an experiment in the city of Urutaí, Goiás, in the 2012/13 crop, in clayey textured Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a factorial 3 x 5, consisting of three sources (coated urea, urea and ammonium sulfate) and five doses (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1) of N, topdressing, applied in the surface and in a single dose, when the corn plants were in V4 stage. The hybrid used was the P3646H. We evaluated the following characters: stem diameter, plant height, height of ear insertion, leaf N, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100 grains mass and grain productivity. All characters have a response to nitrogen fertilization and only the height of ear insertion showed no significant difference between sources. The source coated urea showed the best results, indicating that its use may be compensatory, especially in favorable conditions for the NH3 volatilization, as the application of high doses of N in the surface.

scholarly journals Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2019)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels H. Batjes ◽  
Eloi Ribeiro ◽  
Ad van Oostrum
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Digital Soil Mapping ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Soil Information

Abstract. The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the first WoSIS snapshot, in July 2016, many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values (and units of measurement), and soil analytical method descriptions. We presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable. Further, for each profile, we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data as well as a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods are presented, for possible consideration in digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling. The latest (dynamic) set of quality-assessed and standardised data, called wosis_latest, is freely accessible via an OGC-compliant WFS (web feature service). For consistent referencing, we also provide time-specific static snapshots. The present snapshot (September 2019) comprises 196,498 geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over 832 thousand soil layers (or horizons), and over 5.8 million records. The actual number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between profiles and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes. In the coming years, we aim to fill gradually gaps in the geographic and feature space, this subject to the sharing of a wider selection of soil profile data for so far under-represented areas and properties by our existing and prospective partners. Part of this work is foreseen in conjunction within the Global Soil Information System (GloSIS) being developed by the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). The WoSIS snapshot – September 2019 is archived and freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901 (Batjes et al., 2019).

CLINICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH TO ENDOTYPING AND BASIC THERAPY OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Mokina N.A. ◽  
Chertuchina O.B. ◽  
Vdovenko S.A. ◽  
Ponomarev V.A. ◽  
Mokin E.D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Moderate Asthma ◽  
Basic Therapy ◽  
Beta Agonists ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
High Level

To study the significant characteristics of the endotypes of bronchial asthma (BA) in children, with the choice of a personalized, free or fixed form of basic therapy of inhalative corticosteroids and long-active beta agonists (ICS/LABA), 184 people were examined at the sanatorium stage. 6-12 years old, with moderate asthma. When determining the endotypes in this cohort of children with moderate asthma, the key criteria included: the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FeNOex), FEV1, body mass index (BMI), and the dynamics of quality of life (QOL). Features of BA endotypes included combinations of the following features: 1) Endotype 1 — low FeNoex level, low BMI, high sensitivity to ICS and LABA preparations, the need to combine the free form of ICS and LABA with non-drug effects; 2) Endotype 2 - average FeNOex level, normal or increased BMI, low sensitivity to ICS and LABA drugs, reduced effectiveness of high doses of IHC, the need to combine the free form of ICS and LABA with non-drug effects; 3) Endotype 3 - a high level of FeNOex, an increased BMI, high sensitivity to a fixed form of administration of ICS and LABA, the inappropriateness of taking ICS and LABA in a free form, reduced effectiveness of low doses of ICS, when taking basic therapy, rapid growth of QOL, against the background of the therapy.

scholarly journals Effects of Pig Slurry Application and Crops on Phosphorus Content in Soil and the Chemical Species in Solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 774-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lessandro De Conti ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽  
Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽  
Felipe Lorensini ◽  
Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Available P ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
P Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Total P

The application of pig slurry rates and plant cultivation can modify the soil phosphorus (P) content and distribution of chemical species in solution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total P, available P and P in solution, and the distribution of chemical P species in solution, in a soil under longstanding pig slurry applications and crop cultivation. The study was carried out in soil columns with undisturbed structure, collected in an experiment conducted for eight years in the experimental unit of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria (RS). The soil was an Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf), subjected to applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. Soil samples were collected from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm, before and after black oat and maize grown in a greenhouse, for the determination of available P, total P and P in the soil solution. In the solution, the concentration of the major cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and pH were determined. The distribution of chemical P species was determined by software Visual Minteq. The 21 pig slurry applications increased the total P content in the soil to a depth of 40 cm, and the P extracted by Mehlich-1 and from the solution to a depth of 30 cm. Successive applications of pig slurry changed the balance between the solid and liquid phases in the surface soil layers, increasing the proportion of the total amount of P present in the soil solution, aside from changing the chemical species in the solution, reducing the percentage complexed with Al and increasing the one complexed with Ca and Mg in the layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm. Black oat and maize cultivation increased pH in the solution, thereby increasing the proportion of HPO42- and reducing H2PO4- species.

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