CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-HÍDRICA DO SOLO APÓS CULTIVOS FERTIRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA TRATADA

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-HÍDRICA DO SOLO APÓS CULTIVOS FERTIRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA TRATADA* FERNANDO LOPES GODINHO1; EDSON FAGNE DOS SANTOS2; SILVANIO RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS1, MARCOS KOITI KONDO1; MARFFÍSIA AMARAL RODRIGUES FERREIRA1 1Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Rua Reinaldo Viana, 2630, Bico da Pedra, 39440-000, Janaúba, MG, Brasil, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida P.H Rolfs, S/N. CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa – MG, Brasil, email: [email protected] *Artigo proveniente da dissertação de mestrado do primeiro autor. 1 RESUMO Elevadas cargas de esgoto são destinadas aos corpos d'água no Brasil, podendo essa realidade ser mudada com o emprego de tecnologias para o uso agrícola desse resíduo. Assim, objetivou-se quantificar as mudanças no movimento e retenção de água em Latossolo Vermelho Eutrófico, após cultivo sequencial com a aplicação de água residuária sanitária tratada (ART). Para isso, foram utilizados cinco tratamentos (0= água limpa e adubação mineral; 50%; 100%; 150% e 200% da dose de ART limitada pelo elemento referência K+ nos 3 primeiros cultivos e; 0= água limpa e adubação mineral; 100%; 200%; 300% e 400% da dose de ART limitada pelo elemento referência Na+ no abacaxizeiro), no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Observou-se uma diminuição linear de 0,0972 mm h-1, 0,0997 mm h-1 e 0,0073 cm h-1 na taxa de infiltração básica, no tempo de 1,5 h e na condutividade hidráulica, respectivamente, para cada mm de efluente adicionado no solo, além de aumentar a porcentagem de sódio trocável nas profundidades avaliadas. No entanto, tais alterações não ultrapassam os limites considerados seguros pela literatura. Palavras-chave: infiltração; retenção de água; fertirrigação; esgoto sanitário. GODINHO, F. L.; SANTOS, E. F.; SANTOS, S. R.; KONDO, M. K.; FERREIRA, M. A. R. PHYSICAL-HYDRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOIL AFTER FERTIRRIGATED CROPS WITH TREATED SANITARY WATER 2 ABSTRACT High sewage loads are still released into water sources in Brazil. This can be changed using technologies that contributes for the use of part of this wastewater in agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate possible changes in the movement and water retention in Eutrophic Red Latosol, after sequential cultivation with the application of treated sanitary wastewater (ART). Five treatments were used (0: clean water and mineral fertilization, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% of the ART dose limited by the reference element K+ in the first 3 cultivation and 0: clean water and mineral fertilization, 100%, 200%, 300% and 400% of the ART dose, limited by the reference element Na+ in pineapple crops, in a randomized block design with four replications. A linear decrease of 0.0972 mm h-1, 0.0997 mm h-1 and 0.0073 cm h-1, respectively, was observed in the basic infiltration rate, in the time of 1.5 h, and hydraulic conductivity, for each mm effluent increased in the soil; in addition, in the percentage of exchangeable sodium at depths evaluated. However, such changes do not exceed the limits considered safe by the literature. Keywords: infiltration; water retention; fertigation; sanitary sewage; water reuse.

Mineralization of residue from the drying of black pepper when applied to the soil

The use of residues from the black pepper bean drying process as fertilizer for agricultural crops implies the need to know the dynamics of their decomposition and release of the nutrients to guide it’s management, especially regarding the best time of its application in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen during the mineralization process of this residue. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten treatments related to different post-disposal periods to the soil (0, 7, 13, 20, 27, 34, 48, 69, 98, 147 days). Samples were collected to quantify easily oxidized organic carbon (OCeo), organic nitrogen (ON) and the determinations of their respective mineralized fractions. The evaluation of OCeo mineralization, being more stable and less susceptible to climatic variations, was the most appropriate for estimating the mineralized fraction of the residue. The application of the residue in dystrophic Yellow Red Latosol soil during the month of August provides, after 140 days, OCeo and ON mineralized fractions around 99 and 60%, respectively, in the climatic conditions of Espirito Santo state, Brazil.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization on dystrophic soil on the content of secondary metabolites in Hydrocotyle umbellata L. var. bonariensis (Lam.) Spreng

The knowledge of medicinal plants is of great importance for popular health. On the other hand, the levels of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants is an important parameter to be evaluated. The study of the nutrition of plants and the production of metabolites can provide the identification of beneficial factors and also find out if there are harmful effects of this fertilization/nutrition. In this study, three experiments were carried out (nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization) in the culture of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. var. bonariensis (Lam.) Spreng on dystrophic Red Latosol on metabolite production (total phenols, total flavonoids and hibalactone content). It was used the soil of a rural property in the municipality of Anápolis – Goiás (Brazil). The experimental design was completely randomized, in a controlled environment. The experiment involved the following dosages of fertilization: nitrogen (0; 30; 45; 60 e 75 kg of N.ha-1); phosphate (0; 120; 150; 180 e 210 kg of P2O5.ha-1) and potassium (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 kg of K2O.ha-1). The maximum contents of total phenols were with the medium level of nitrogen, zero level of phosphorous and highest level of potassium. For the total flavonoid, the maximum contents were obtained with the medium levels of nitrogen and potassium and zero level of phosphorus. Finally, the hibalactone content was favored by highest level of nitrogen and zero levels of phosphorus and potassium.

Spatial distribution of soil chemical properties in the cerrado of Tocantins

Information on spatial variability of soil chemical properties is allowing an increasingly efficient management of soil fertility. This study was conducted in the municipality of Santa Rosa do Tocantins, TO, in the 2018/2019 crop year. The objectives of the study were to characterize the spatial variability of chemical properties of a dystrophic Red Latosol in the Cerrado of Tocantins using geostatistics and optimize the management of soil fertility by means of precision agronomy techniques, for more efficient input use in agricultural production areas. For the experiment, 49 soil samples were collected at 0.2 m depth, from equidistant points in a regular grid 100 m apart, over an area of ??150 ha. Each sample was composed of 5 subsamples. The soil properties evaluated included pH, bases sum, potential acidity, organic matter, total cation exchange capacity, base saturation, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. A descriptive analysis was carried out, highlighting the mean, median, minimum, and maximum values for each soil variable. In addition, the coefficients of variation, asymmetry, kurtosis, and the normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov were performed. The area presented significant variations in chemical and macronutrient attributes and little variation in micronutrients, except for zinc. The study reveals variations in different soil attributes and the need for correction depending on the requirements of the crop.

Effect of soil type on mean annual increment, wood anatomy and properties of 33-year-old Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), K. D. Hill, & L. A. S. Johnson

This study aimed to determine the effects of physical, chemical and water-holding capacity of Quartzarenic Neosol, Red Latosol and Red Nitosol on tree growth, physicomechanical properties and anatomical features of wood from 33-year-old C. citriodora plantations. More clayey soils with higher water availability, such as Red Latosol and Red Nitosol, increased the mean annual increment and heartwood percentage. In more sandy soils, such as Quartzarenic Neosol, density increased, but the size and diameter of fibers and vessels decreased, and both fiber cell wall thickness and frequency of vessels and rays increased. Wood shrinkage and mechanical properties did not differ between soils. We observed a gradual increase in the anatomical, physical and mechanical characteristics in the pith-bark direction. The uniformity index showed that Quartzarenic Neosol and Red Latosol soils produced more homogeneous woods. We concluded that soil texture and water availability influenced tree growth, anatomical properties and wood density.

Substrate and indolebutyric acid in the rooting of pomegranate cuttings collected in two seasons

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) presents potential for commercial exploitation as a fruit, ornamental or medicinal plant. However, for its usage in orchards, it is ideal that the seedlings come from vegetative propagation techniques. The aim of this work was to test the usage of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and substrates, at two harvesting times (before and after fruiting) in the cutting propagation of pomegranate. The work was carried out at UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos. The experiments were installed in a randomized block design, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme (IBA concentration x substrate), with four replications and ten cuttings per experimental unit. IAB was tested at concentrations 0; 1000; 2000 and 3000 mg L-1. The used substrates were Red Latosol, medium textured sand, commercial substrate MecPlant® and a mixture of Red Latosol + sand + commercial (1:1:1, v/v). The cuttings were placed in beds in a screened protected environment, with 50% shading. Irrigation was performed three times a day for 30 min., by a micro sprinkler. After 60 days, rooting (%), cuttings with callus (%), number of primary leaf and root shoots, length of the three largest roots and percentage of dead cuttings were evaluated. Cutting presented itself as a potential technique to be adopted for pomegranate, using sand, with the use of IBA at concentrations between 1600 and 1750 mg L-1. Cuttings must be collected before fruiting. However, rhizogenesis close to 50% was achieved at the time after such phenological stage.

Phosphorus contents in the soil in function of the modes of application of phosphate fertilizer in two crops in succession

Tropical soils are naturally poor in phosphorus and, due to the strong interaction with mineral constituents, the ways of applying phosphate fertilizers can increase the efficiency of absorption by crops. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the distribution of P at different depths depending on the application of phosphate fertilizer in wheat and common bean crops grown in a Dystrophic Red Latosol from Toledo, western Paraná. The work was carried out under field conditions at the experimental unit of the Agronomy course at the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Campus from Toledo. The block design was used in the case, in a scheme of sub-subdivided plots in the space, the first factor being the application mode, the second local factor (lines and between lines), and the third-factor sampling depth (0 – 5, 5 – 10, 10 – 15, 15 – 20 cm), and collections were carried out at seven points in each plot, in two consecutive years. The first soil collection was carried out after the wheat harvest, with soil samplings being performed to quantify the amount of P added to the soil. The soil samples were collected at seven points per plot, four between the lines and three in the sowing lines, in a straight line in each plot, the same procedure was performed after harvesting the bean crop and the second collection was carried out after the bean crop harvest, repeating the analyses, using the Mehlich-1 method. Phosphate fertilizer application modes did not influence P contents in the soil. The highest P contents were obtained at 0-5 cm depth, decreasing along the sampled depths.

Soybean yield in succession to single and intercropping corn and brachiaria and submitted to differents irrigation intervals

The experiment was performed at a non-acclimatized protected screened environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence predecessor crops of single and intercropping corn and brachiaria on soybean yield submitted to irrigation intervals. The experimental design adopted was in a split split-plot randomized block design with four repetitions. Two soil classes (dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol) were evaluated in the plots, three intervals between irrigations were used during the soybean flowering (each one day, two days and three days) in the subplots and three types straw in the crops autumn-winter (single corn, single brachiaria, intercropping corn and brachiaria) in the sub-subplots. The two soybean plants cultivated in polyethylene pots containing 20 liters of dystroferric Red Latosol or dystrophic Red Latosol corresponded to each repetition, according to the treatment. The irrigation intervals of three and two days, in dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol, respectively, with single brachiaria at the previous crop provided greater number and weight of pods, higher number of grains and higher soybean yield. Irrigation every three days with single corn at the previous crop in dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol, resulted in the lower soybean performance.