scholarly journals Typology and nuance: relativization

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-130
Author(s):  
Marianne Mithun
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
The North

Much of linguistic typology is inherently categorical. In large-scale typological surveys, grammatical constructions, distinctions, and even variables are typically classified as present, absent, or embodying one of a set of specified options. This work is valuable for a multitude of purposes, and in many cases such categorization is sufficient. In others, we can advance our understanding further if we take a more nuanced approach, considering the extent to which a particular construction, distinction, or variable is installed in the grammar. An important tool for this approach is the examination of unscripted speech in context, complete with prosody. This point is illustrated here with Mohawk, an Iroquoian language indigenous to the North American Northeast. As will be seen, the two types of construction which might be identified as relative clauses are emergent, one less integrated into the grammar than the other. Examination of spontaneous speech indicates that the earliest stages of development are prosodic, as speakers shape their messages according to their communicative purposes at each moment.

scholarly journals Impacts of Large-Scale Circulation on Urban Ambient Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in New York, USA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiting Mao ◽  
Dolly Hall ◽  
Zhuyun Ye ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Dirk Felton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of large-scale circulation on urban gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was investigated through analysis of 2008–2015 measurement data from an urban site in New York City (NYC), New York, USA. Distinct annual cycles were observed in 2009–2010 with mixing ratios in warm seasons (i.e. spring–summer) 10–20 ppqv (~ 10 %–25 %) higher than in cool seasons (i.e. fall–winter). This annual cycle was disrupted in 2011 by an anomalously strong influence of the North American trough in that warm season and was reproduced in 2014 with annual amplitude enhanced up to ~ 70 ppqv associated with a particularly strong Bermuda High. North American trough axis index (TAI) and intensity index (TII) were used to characterize the effect of the North American trough on NYC GEM especially in winter and summer. The intensity and position of the Bermuda High had a significant impact on GEM in warm seasons supported by a strong correlation (r reaching 0.96, p 

Beyond the Cold War Chessboard

Worldview ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
John W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Cold War

The problem in judging M. Servan-Schreiber's message is that he reaches some sound conclusions on the basis of dubious premises, from which he derives recommendations which could be disastrous.There may be some satisfaction in seeing a Frenchman concerned with le défi, russe instead of le défi américain, but his interpretation of one is as crude as was his interpretation of the other. The shock of revelation that there are common interests of the Atlantic countries in economic as well as strategic matters is understandably more startling to a Frenchman than to others. It was all set out in 1949 in Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty and was restated eloquently in 1973 by Mr. Kissinger. But last spring European leaders were included to see the latter as a self-interested plea from a weak United States to a prosperous Europe. The North American countries were reminded that their role in Europe was simply to defend it on request.

scholarly journals The origin of till sequences by subglacial sediment deformation beneath mid-latitude ice sheets

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Boulton
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
The North ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
The Last Glacial

A theory of erosion and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation over beds of unlithified sediment is reviewed and applied to large-scale till sequences formed on the southern flanks of the North American and British and European ice sheets during the last glacial cycle. The distribution of till thickness, till lithology in relation to source materials and intra-till erosion surfaces along a flowline in the Michigan lobe of the North American ice sheet are shown to be compatible with the deformational theory but not with other modes of till genesis. It is then demonstrated, in the case of the British ice sheet, how the assumption of a deformational origin for tills can be used to infer time-dependent patterns of ice-sheet dynamic behaviour. By reference to an example from the Netherlands, it is argued that many till sequences interpreted as melt-out tills are more likely to have formed by subglacial sediment deformation.

scholarly journals Toward Identifying Subseasonal Forecasts of Opportunity Using North American Weather Regimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 1861-1875
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Robertson ◽  
Nicolas Vigaud ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Michael K. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Geopotential Height ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Graphical Tool

Abstract Large-scale atmospheric circulation regime structures are used to diagnose subseasonal forecasts of wintertime geopotential height fields over the North American sector, from the NCEP CFSv2 model. Four large-scale daily circulation regimes derived from reanalysis 500-hPa geopotential height data using K-means clustering are used as a low-dimensional basis for diagnosing the model’s forecasts up to 45 days ahead. On average, hindcast skill in regime space is found to be limited to 10–15 days ahead, in terms of anomaly correlation of 5-day averages of regime counts, over the 1999–2010 period. However, skill up to 30 days ahead is identified in individual winters, and intraseasonal episodes of high skill are identified using a forecast-evolution graphical tool. A striking vacillation between the West Coast and Pacific ridge patterns during December–January 2008/09 is shown to be predicted 20–25 days in advance, illustrating the possibility to identify “forecasts of opportunity” when subseasonal forecast skill is much higher than the average. The forecast-evolution tool also provides insight into the poor seasonal forecasts of California precipitation by operational centers during the 2015/16 El Niño winter. The Pacific trough regime is shown to be greatly overpredicted beyond 1–2 weeks in advance during the 2015/16 winter, with weather-scale features dominating the forecast evolution at shorter lead times. A similar though less extreme situation took place during the weaker El Niño of 2009/10, with the Pacific trough overforecast at S2S lead times.

scholarly journals Sector Structure of the Solar Magnetic Field

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 744-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solar Magnetic Field ◽  
Photospheric Magnetic Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Sector Structure ◽  
Sector Boundary ◽  
The North

The solar sector structure consists of a boundary in the north-south direction such that on one side of the boundary the large-scale weak photospheric magnetic field is predominantly directed out of the Sun, and on the other side of the boundary this field is directed into the Sun. The region westward of a solar sector boundary tends to be unusually quiet and the region eastward of a solar sector boundary tends to be unusually active. This tendency is discussed in terms of flares, coronal enhancements, plage structure and geomagnetic response.

A large-scale linear complementarity model of the North American natural gas market

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Gabriel ◽  
Jifang Zhuang ◽  
Supat Kiet
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Linear Complementarity ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
The North ◽  
Gas Market

Do Statistical Pattern Corrections Improve Seasonal Climate Predictions in the North American Multimodel Ensemble Models?

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (20) ◽  
pp. 8335-8355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Barnston ◽  
Michael K. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Multimodel Ensemble ◽  
Anomaly Correlation ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North American Multimodel Ensemble

Abstract Canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based statistical corrections are applied to seasonal mean precipitation and temperature hindcasts of the individual models from the North American Multimodel Ensemble project to correct biases in the positions and amplitudes of the predicted large-scale anomaly patterns. Corrections are applied in 15 individual regions and then merged into globally corrected forecasts. The CCA correction dramatically improves the RMS error skill score, demonstrating that model predictions contain correctable systematic biases in mean and amplitude. However, the corrections do not materially improve the anomaly correlation skills of the individual models for most regions, seasons, and lead times, with the exception of October–December precipitation in Indonesia and eastern Africa. Models with lower uncorrected correlation skill tend to benefit more from the correction, suggesting that their lower skills may be due to correctable systematic errors. Unexpectedly, corrections for the globe as a single region tend to improve the anomaly correlation at least as much as the merged corrections to the individual regions for temperature, and more so for precipitation, perhaps due to better noise filtering. The lack of overall improvement in correlation may imply relatively mild errors in large-scale anomaly patterns. Alternatively, there may be such errors, but the period of record is too short to identify them effectively but long enough to find local biases in mean and amplitude. Therefore, statistical correction methods treating individual locations (e.g., multiple regression or principal component regression) may be recommended for today’s coupled climate model forecasts. The findings highlight that the performance of statistical postprocessing can be grossly overestimated without thorough cross validation or evaluation on independent data.

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