scholarly journals Urbanization of the Indigenous Peoples of Altai in the 20th – Early 21st Century (Based on the Example of the Kumandins of Biysk)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Vasily V. Nikolaev ◽  
Ivan I. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

Purpose. The article discusses the urbanization of the indigenous peoples of Altai (Altaians, Kumandins, Telengits, Tubalars, Chelkans) based on the results of a sociological study among the Kumandins of Biysk. Results. Kumandins moved to the city from the nearest villages most intensively during the 1960s and 1970s. The liquidation of unpromising villages, the relatively large generation of young people and their command of the Russian language, the geographical proximity of cities and the need for working hands became the reasons for the move. The exhaustion of the migration resource was associated with a small number of people. Intensive urbanization has been replaced by equally active assimilation and acculturation since the late 1980s. This was facilitated by the widespread adoption of second-generation mixed marriages, and the loss of family ties. Kumandins in Biysk live dispersed. In 2002, more than half of the Kumandins lived in cities. Kumandins are the most urbanized indigenous people of Altai. They moved to Gorno-Altaysk and the cities of the Kemerovo region also. At the turn of the centuries, the pace of urbanization of other indigenous peoples of Altai began: Altaians, Telengits, Tubalars and Chelkans. At first, they were concentrated in large villages because of the geographical remoteness of the territories of traditional residence from Gorno-Altaysk. In the second generation, they moved to the city. Conclusions. Kumandins went through three stages of urbanization. Prior to the mid-1960s, a small number of Kumandins moved to the city. Most of the Kumandins migrated to the city in the mid-1960s – late 1980s. Then the process of assimilation began. The prospects of ethno-demographic development of the indigenous peoples of Altai were identified. In 20–30 years, Telengits, Tubalars and Chelkans will have problems characteristic of the Kumandins: assimilation and acculturation. The number of Kumandins will continue to decline. The demographic situation among Altaians will be the most stable due to their multiplicity. The number of urban Altaians will gradually increase.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aled Davies
Keyword(s):  
International Monetary System ◽  
The State ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

The aim of this book has been to evaluate the relationship between Britain’s financial sector, based in the City of London, and the social democratic economic strategy of post-war Britain. The central argument presented in the book was that changes to the City during the 1960s and 1970s undermined a number of the key post-war social democratic techniques designed to sustain and develop a modern industrial economy. Financial institutionalization weakened the state’s ability to influence investment, and the labour movement was unable successfully to integrate the institutionalized funds within a renewed social democratic economic agenda. The post-war settlement in banking came under strain in the 1960s as new banking and credit institutions developed that the state struggled to manage. This was exacerbated by the decision to introduce competition among the clearing banks in 1971, which further weakened the state’s capacity to control the provision and allocation of credit to the real economy. The resurrection of an unregulated global capital market, centred on London, overwhelmed the capacity of the state to pursue domestic-focused macroeconomic policies—a problem worsened by the concurrent collapse of the Bretton Woods international monetary system. Against this background, the fundamental social democratic assumption that national prosperity could be achieved only through industry-led growth and modernization was undermined by an effective campaign to reconceptualize Britain as a fundamentally financial and commercial nation with the City of London at its heart....

Certification, Lawsuits and the Role of Epidemiology in the Yokkaichi Asthma Episode in the 1960s and 1970s: Lessons and Legacy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Bomb ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Certification System ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Asthma Episode

Summary Yokkaichi asthma, one of the four big pollution diseases of Japan, occurred as a result of the operation of local petrochemical complexes in the city of Yokkaichi in the early 1960s. This article explores how Yokkaichi asthma was caused, how it was certified by local government and how the air pollution victims ultimately won a lawsuit against the polluting corporations. Yoshida Katsumi, a Medical Professor at Mie Prefectural University, consulted the Atomic Bomb Medical Law to establish Yokkaichi’s own certification system. Because both leukaemia and asthma are non-specific diseases, they may also be caused by non-pollution-related factors. In the Yokkaichi lawsuit, Yoshida applied the epidemiological causation to the legal judgment for the purpose of providing compensation to individuals. As the case for compensation unfolded from 1967 to 1972, epidemiological knowledge, legal theory and social norms were deployed to advance the plaintiffs’ claim, whose success set a good example for other legal proceedings.

Contested Colonialism: Responsible Government and Political Development in Yukon

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Responsible Government ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThis article argues that the granting of responsible government to Yukon in 1979 was not the inevitable outcome of territorial political development but the result of a protracted and organized settler political movement that emerged first in opposition to the federal government and, later, to Yukon's Indigenous peoples. I analyze settler actor political behaviour and outcomes using the framework of “contested colonialism.” Non-Indigenous Yukoners are understood as actors who simultaneously bring colonialism to the North while also contesting elements of that same colonial order. Using extensive archival research, I identify several critical junctures leading to the implementation of responsible government during the 1960s and 1970s.

scholarly journals ‘Heading up a blind alley’? Scottish psychiatric hospitals in the era of deinstitutionalization

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Long
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Care ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Blind Alley ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Institutional Services ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The City

This article examines Scottish provision of psychiatric care in the 1960s and 1970s. It demonstrates that institutional services did not rapidly disappear across the UK following the Ministry of Health’s decision to shut down psychiatric hospitals in 1961, and highlights Scotland’s distinctive trajectory. Furthermore, it contends that psychiatric hospitals developed new approaches to assist patients in this era, thereby contributing towards the transformation of post-war psychiatric practice. Connecting a discussion of policy with an analysis of provision, it examines the Department of Health for Scotland’s cautious response to the Ministry’s embrace of deinstitutionalization, before analysing Glasgow’s psychiatric provision in the 1970s. At this point the city boasted virtually no community-based services, and relied heavily on its under-resourced and overburdened hospitals. Closer analysis dispels any impression of stagnation, revealing how ideologies of deinstitutionalization transformed institutional care.

scholarly journals Interethnic Marriages of Indigenous Peoples of the North in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the Late 1950s

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
R.V. Pavlyukevich ◽  
E.V. Barmina
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The One ◽  
Interethnic Marriages ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of interethnic marriages between Russians and indigenous peoples of the North in the Krasnoyarsk territory in the 1950s. The research is based on the materials of censuses and surveys conducted by local authorities in the late 1950s. The focus of researchers was made by the Enets, the Nganasans, the Selkups, the Evenks and the Kets. Since the second half of the 20th century, contacts between the Russian population and the peoples of the far North of the Krasnoyarsk territory have become more frequent. In the context of construction projects in the region, there is an increase in marriages between Russians and representatives of local indigenous peoples. These marriages had an ambiguous impact, on the one hand they were an expression of the principle of "friendship of peoples", one of the basic principles of the Soviet state and contributed to the integration of the Northern territories into the Krasnoyarsk territory. On the other hand, mixed marriages accelerated the assimilation of these peoples and contributed to the cease and extinction of their culture. Their parents positioned most of the children in such marriages as Russian. In everyday speech these families, as well as a rule, was dominated by the Russian language, Russian culture.

The History of Route 66

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mandrgoc ◽  
David Dunaway
Keyword(s):  
Small Towns ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Route 66 ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Automobile Culture ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
Essential Connection

During its existence from 1926 to its formal decommissioning in 1985, US Highway 66, or Route 66, came to occupy a special place in the American imagination. For a half-century and more, it symbolized American individualism, travel, and the freedom of the open road with the transformative rise of America’s automobile culture. Route 66 was an essential connection between the Midwest and the West for American commercial, military, and civilian transportation. It chained together small towns and cities across the nation as America’s “Main Street.” Following the path of older trails and railroads, Route 66 hosted travelers in many different eras: the adventurous motorist in his Ford Model A in the 1920s, the Arkies and Okies desperate for a new start in California in the 1930s, trucks carrying wartime soldiers and supplies in the 1940s, and postwar tourists and travelers from the 1950s onward. By its nature, it brought together diverse cultures of different regions, introducing Americans to the “others” that were their regional neighbors, and exposing travelers to new arts, music, foods, and traditions. It became firmly embedded in pop culture through songs, books, television, and advertisements for its attractions as America’s most famous road. Travel on Highway 66 steadily declined with the development of controlled-access interstate highways in the 1960s and 1970s. The towns and cities it connected and the many businesses and attractions dependent on its traffic and tourism protested the removal of the highway designation by the US Transportation Department in 1985, but their efforts failed. Nonetheless, revivalists who treasured the old road worked to preserve the road sections and attractions that remained, as well as founding a wide variety of organizations and donating to museums and libraries to preserve Route 66 ephemera. In the early 21st century, Route 66 is an international icon of America, traveled by fans from all over the world.

Method of Designing Residential Buildings in Voronezh Using Complex Configured Block Sections

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
С. А. Гилев
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Historic Center ◽  
New Development ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The City ◽  
Artistic Quality ◽  
Mass Construction

Состояние проблемы. Улучшение архитектурно-художественного облика новой застройки города, индивидуализация ее давно стали актуальными проблемами. В шестидесятых и семидесятых годах прошлого века в Воронеже было построено немало домов по типовым проектам, которые сделали застройку новых районов города однообразной и однотипной. Новые районы в разных городах нашей страны потеряли свою индивидуальность, стали похожи друг на друга. В Воронеже однотипность и монотонность новых построенных и строящихся районов, таких как Шилово, Отрадное и другие, создали проблему весьма однообразной и безликой застройки, которая производится по типовым (повторно применяемым) проектам с весьма ограниченным перечнем типовых секций. Результаты. Методика подхода к проектированию, предложенная авторами проектов жилых комплексов, позволила сделать ряд объектов массовой застройки достаточно самобытными, не похожими друг на друга. В статье анализируются несколько построенных в Воронеже жилых комплексов массовой застройки, архитектурного своеобразия которых удалось добиться за счет разработки и применения блок-секций сложной конфигурации. Выводы. Применение секций сложной конфигурации может помочь градостроителям, работающим над проектами новых жилых комплексов, найти оригинальные объемно-планировочные решения, обеспечивающие своеобразие застройки Воронежа. Архитектурно-художественное качество новых районов при условии их неповторимости и разнообразия будет достойно исторического центра города Воронежа. Statement of the problem. Improving the architectural and artistic look of the new development of the city, its individualization have long been an problem to address. In the 1960s and 1970s in Voronezh a lot of houses were built in compliance with standard projects, which made the construction of new areas of the city monotonous and monotonous. New districts in different cities of this country have lost their individuality becoming similar to one another. In Voronezh, the uniformity and monotony of newly designed areas and those under construction, such as Shilovo, Otradnoye, etc., have led to a problem of very monotonous and impersonal construction, which is performed according to the standard (outdated) projects with a very limited list of standard sections. Results. The method of approach to design set forth by the authors of the projects of residential complexes enabled one to make a number of objects of mass construction quite original, not similar to one another. The article analyzes several mass construction complexes built in Voronezh whose architectural originality was attained by means of developing and applying complex configured block sections. Conclusions. The use of sections of complex configuration can assist urban planners working on projects of new residential complexes in finding original spatial planning solutions to provide the originality of the construction of Voronezh. The architectural and artistic quality of the new districts on condition that they are unique and diverse will be worthwhile the historic center of Voronezh.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Paul J. Magnarella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Black Panther Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
The Social ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

The introduction establishes the setting for Pete O’Neal’s life in the United States. It describes the social turbulence of the 1960s and 1970s, including that period’s civil strife, racial discrimination, national and urban unrest, and black power movements. It discusses the formation and ideologies of the Black Panther Party and the strained relations between the police and black citizens, as well as the racially uneven employment picture in Kansas City, Missouri, the city of Pete O’Neal’s formative years.

Food Is the New Jazz?: Jack Kerouac and Food Writing

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Bo McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Jack Kerouac ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

“The apple pie was more than just ‘nutritious, man.’” Despite frequent critical fixation on the jazz aspects of Jack Kerouac's oeuvre, this reconsideration of the author's canon poses food as a central theme of the Duluoz Legend and analyzes the ways in which Kerouac thought and wrote about food as an object, literary motif, and cultural conduit—modes of thought that, despite previous tracing of contemporary food culture to the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, lead almost directly to many current food issues, practices, and debates. Grounded in Kerouac's attentive engagement with the agricultural overtures of Oswald Spengler's Decline of the West, this article discusses how Kerouac understood, played with, and utilized food as a means of cultural comprehension and then—via jazz—cultural subversion within the “decline” of the West, primarily through his novels The Town and the City (1950), On the Road (1957), and The Dharma Bums (1958).

scholarly journals De la cybernétique à l’architecture numérique: retour sur un demi-siècle de théories, pratiques, et projets expérimentaux

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Roussel
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Digital Design ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Experimental Architecture

Background  Little is said about the influence of cybernetics on the architectural practices and theories of the past fifty years. Yet, from the discourses of the experimental architecture of the 1960s and 1970s, to those of the most advanced advocates of digital design, the terms and key themes of cybernetics keep coming back.Analysis  Focusing on the first attempts to apply cybernetics to architecture, then to the themes of the network, cyborg and cyberspace, and finally to the biological turn of the architecture of the 2000s, this article shows the prevalence of notions of the interactivity, adaptability, reflexivity, sensitivity and intelligence of architecture and the city in architects’ discourses.Conclusion and Implications  Architects have never stopped working on these cybernetics notions. Moreover, the latter are culminating today in the theme of the smart city.RÉSUMÉContexte  L’on parle peu de l’influence de la cybernétique sur les pratiques et théories architecturales de ces cinquante dernières années. Pourtant, depuis les discours de l’architecture expérimentale des années 1960-1970 jusqu’à ceux de la conception numérique la plus avant-gardiste, les termes et thèmes phares de la cybernétique sont bien présents.Analyse  À travers l’étude des premières tentatives d’application de la cybernétique à l’architecture, des thèmes du réseau, du cyborg et du cyberespace et enfin du tournant biologique de l’architecture des années 2000, cet article montre la prégnance des notions d’interactivité, d’adaptabilité, de réflexivité, de sensibilité et d’intelligence de l’architecture et de la ville dans les discours des architectes.Conclusion et implications  Ces notions, issues de la cybernétique, ont ainsi beaucoup nourri les architectes. Plus encore, elles atteignent aujourd’hui un point d’orgue à travers le thème de la smart city.

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