scholarly journals Nomadic World, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and China: ethno-cultural situation in the South of Central Asia in the 3rd – 2nd cent. BCE.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-608
Author(s):  
Daniil Shulga ◽  
Jianwen Chen ◽  
Golovko Golovko
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The South ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
The Given

After the dissolution of the Empire of Alexander of Macedon the layer of Hellenized aristocracy began to appear in Asia under the influence of mixed marriages and cultural syncretism. The announcement of the establishment of the independent state of Bactria made by Diodotus I triggered the appearance of a special culture, characterized by the mixture of Iranian, North Indian and Greek cultural elements. Ultimately, its subsequent spread to the East lead to influence on the China-dominated world. Based on all the mentioned above, the given article aspires to collect and analyze the data, primarily from narratives as sources and foreign literature, for the purpose of researching the processes that connected two ancient and very influential civilizations – Greece and China. The main stages of explicit and implicit relations between China and Hellenistic Bactria is defined. The role of nomad cultures in establishment of connections between West and East is determined and exemplified by the events of the 3rd century B.C. and the early 1st century B.C. Conditional character of the names, referred to nomad entities by ancient writers, is analyzed. We show the controversy of interpretation the given names with the ethnic groups in modern meaning as well as the range of sources on the relations between Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and China and their characteristics. Finally, we construe the equal role of nomads, Chinese and Hellenes in the described contacts of ancient societies.

Understanding Societies in War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Escott
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
The South ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The North ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
The Impact

This chapter emphasizes the analysis of the wartime forces in both sections that affected unity or division. It raises questions about the roots of the large amount of internal violence or irregular warfare in the South. For the North, it probes the nature of nationalism and asks about that section’s social, political, and religious divisions. Factors affecting both the Republican and the Democratic Parties of the North deserve new attention, as do the role of women in both sections, ethnic groups in the North especially, and the impact of emancipation and racism.

scholarly journals Some Features of Public Administration in the Empire of Amir Temur

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5254-5256
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Life Career

The article analyzes some features of public administration in the empire of Amir Temur. About a century before Amir Temur came to power, significant changes took place in the ethnic composition of the Movarounnakhr population. The invasion of the Mongols in the territory of Central Asia, in turn, contributed to the emergence of new tribes and nations. In particular, in the middle of the thirteenth century there was a migration of ethnic groups of jaloyir, barlos, kavchin and arlot to Central Asia. In the first half of the XIII-XIV centuries some groups of olchin, duglat, mongol, sulduz, oyrot, bakhrin, market, mang’it, kungrad and other tribes moved to Movarounnakhr. Even the Turkic Mongols living in Movarounnakhr gradually forgot the term "Mongol" and called themselves "chigatay." B.Manz, M. Haydar and other authors commented on the role of tribes in socio-political life, career and rank, as well as the great power of Amir Temur in distribution. It is possible to conclude that the tribes’ nobles of Amir Temur were widely involved in the posts.

scholarly journals Asimilasi dalam Keluarga Perkawinan antar Etnik Perempuan Batak Toba dan Laki-laki Tionghoa di Doloksanggul Sumatera Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Dinata Lumban Gaol ◽  
Ichwan Azhari ◽  
Fikarwin Zuska
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Toba Batak

The purposes of this study are to analyze; (1) the process of mixed marriages or assimilation between the marriages of Toba Batak women and Tionghoa Men in Doloksanggul. (2) the important factors encouraging mixed marriages between Batak Toba women and Tionghoa men in Doloksanggul, and (3) the mixed marriages harmony between Toba Batak women and Tionghoa Men in Doloksanggul. This research is qualitative method. The results of this study are; cultural assimilation: the process of adopting values, beliefs, dogmas, language ideologies and symbol systems of an ethnic group or various groups for the formation of values, beliefs, dogmas, language ideology and symbolic systems of a new ethnic groups. Structural assimilation: the process of penetrating the culture of ethnic groups into other ethnic cultures through primary groups such as family, close friends. In the marriage assimilation, or often called physical assimilation that occurs because of inter-ethnic or inter-racial marriages, produces a new ethnicities or races, which have different cultures, there is an association among individuals or groups intensively and in a relatively long time. People from different cultural backgrounds, interacting directly intensively for a long time which changed their form into elements of mixed culture. Usually, the groups involved in an assimilation process are a majority group and some minority groups that change the specific characteristics of their cultural elements and adapt them to the culture of the majority, so that gradually they lose their cultural personality and produce the majority culture. The conclusion of this field research is that; the interaction between ethnic Tionghoa and Toba Batak in Doloksanggul expressing a pattern of adaptation in an associative social process. The interaction is carried out in the form of accommodation and cooperation and acculturation. The pattern of interaction carried out by Tionghoa ethnic is as their effort to be a part of participating as Doloksanggul community members. Although the adjustment referred to is still more economic in nature, anthropologically it can be seen as a part of the social process towards social harmony and social integration.

scholarly journals Management of the Forest Soils Fertility Based on Ecological Models in the South-Eastern Part of the Great Caucasus

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Nazaket Ismailova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Models ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
The South ◽  
Structural Part ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Bulky Mass ◽  
The Given ◽  
Suspension Ph

The bloks which are a structural part of the ecological fertility model in the mountain-forest brown and mountain-forest brown soils on the south-eastern slope of the Great Caucasus besides an importance of the ecological models composition have been analyzed in the article. By the main purpose of the given investigations a creation of ecological models of fertility was mountain-forest brown soils (middle mountain broken) and mountainforest brown soils (low mountain (mean broken), interrelation and dependence of biocenosis condition on the environment factors are studied a role of the main parameters (climate, relief, soil and etc) is revealed, the real and optimal parameters of the environment are established for the ecological models blocks creation. The model consists of 7 (seven) blocks: agroecological block soil structure block, soil regimes block, soil features block. value block, agromelioration block and forests biometric block. During the model blocks compiling the main diagnostic indiced as a granulometric composition, humus quantity and supply, water suspension pH, NPK, bulky mass, porosity and water-stable aggregates (> 0,25mm and > 1,00mm) in the mountain-forest brown and mountain-forest brown soils have been taken into account. A comparative character of the ecological fertility models in two different soil types which are dominant in forest ecosystems has been given.

The Benefits of Marginality: The Great Famine around the Aral Sea, 1930–1934

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-529
Author(s):  
Niccolò Pianciola
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The South ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
Transportation Route

AbstractBased on research in Kazakhstani and Russian archives, this article is a regional study of the 1931–1933 Soviet famine. It compares Soviet policies in the southern and northern “halves” of the Aral Sea region. While the Kazaks in the northern part of the region suffered from the famine, the Karakalpaks in the south did not. The article explains this difference by underscoring the role of the main transportation infrastructure connecting Central Asia to Russia, the Orenburg-Tashkent railway. The railway crossed the northern, Kazak, part of the Aral Sea region and made massive livestock and grain procurements possible, while the absence of any reliable transportation route connecting Karakalpakstan to Soviet industrial centers contributed to shielding the Karakalpaks from the famine. The article also investigates the consequences of the famine for the Aral Sea fishing economy. The famine led to the inversion of the relative economic importance of the northern and southern parts of the sea: if before the famine fishing was concentrated in the former, after the famine it had shifted to the latter. Finally, the article situates the administrative detachment of Karakalpakstan from Kazakstan in 1930 within the context of Stalinist economic policies in Central Asia.

scholarly journals ON THE ISSUE OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN SOVEREIGN ABKHAZIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
V.D. Dzidzoev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Legislative Body ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the problems of the sovereignty and statehood of the Republic of Abkhazia. The author focuses on the 1994 Constitution of Abkhazia and highlights the role of the legislative body - the People's Assembly - the Parliament of the Republic of Abkhazia. Analyzing the political and legal reforms in the young independent state of the South Caucasus, the author, in order to improve the constitutional reform, proposes separate proposals for the complex process of reforming statehood.

ADAPTATION OF LABOUR MIGRANTS FROM CENTRAL ASIA IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-144
Author(s):  
Vadim E. Vasilev ◽  
◽  
Julia I. Eremenkova ◽  
Alina N. Ermokhina ◽  
Alexander A. Nikiforov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Digital Technology

Will the Time of Growth and Development of the Young Republic of South Sudan Come?

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kochanova
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
The South ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Independent State ◽  
South Sudanese ◽  
The World ◽  
National Resource

Тhe subject of this study is the young Republic of South Sudan (RSS), the “young” – both in terms of the age of an independent state, and in terms of its demographic potential. RSS, as a member of the United Nations and as a sovereign state, appeared on the world map in 2011, but, possessing super-rich natural resources, has not yet gained sustainable development, moreover, it fell into a deep military-political crisis. Like most countries of the African continent, South Sudan had real demographic capacity, but the authorities were unable to extract any “demographic dividends” from the truly main national resource for the development of the country’s economy, moreover, the number of refugees of young working age is constantly growing. Through the example of South Sudan, which so hard achieved separation of the South from the North and failed to take advantage of the conquered democratic values, the article explores the understudied problem of modification of the consciousness of the younger generation, dictated both by the specifics of the deep historical and cultural tradition of the South Sudanese nationalities and by new trends in global evolutionary processes. Studying the stories from the lives of multi-member families affected during the military-political conflict in the RSS, the author, based on the facts, strongly criticizes the ineffective, even often vicious, youth policy of the South Sudanese government. On the other hand, analyzing the origins, nature, basic traditional moral and sociocultural aspects of child employment in the region, the researcher finds a reasoned explanation of the cause for such a policy of universal child mobilization and tries to define this phenomenon that has not been studied in the scientific literature before. Summarizing the study of the causes of a humanitarian catastrophe in the RSS, the author, in addition to generally accepted factors that influenced the current situation (such as: the intervention of major world financial players in the affairs of a sovereign state, national discord, the struggle for power and resources), also highlights the subjective and not always correct work of the world information agencies and other mass media and, of course, the incompetent state policy of the leadership of the RSS in the Youth Field. Relying on the positive events of the past few months to resolve the conflict in the RSS, the author is still trying to predict in the foreseeable future the time for growth and development of the Republic of South Sudan, with the proviso that it can happen only in case of the inclusion of restraining leverage and expansion of the range of priorities of the main national resource – the youth.

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