APPLICATION OF THE CARNOL PROCESS TO PRODUCE METHANOL AND REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
A. S. SVIRIDOV ◽  
◽  
P. E. NOR ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Methanol Production

The Carnol system is the production of methanol from carbon dioxide (obtained from coal-fired power plants) and natural gas, and the use of the resulting methanol as an alternative fuel. The Carnol process produces hydrogen by thermal decomposition of natural gas, which then interacts with the CO2 extracted from the flue emissions of power plants. The resulting carbon can be stored or used as a raw material. The paper provides an estimated characteristic of the reduction of CO2 emissions of the Carnol process and system, and compares it with other traditional methanol production processes, including the use of biomass of industrial raw materials and vehicles powered by methanol fuel cells. CO2 emissions from a Carnol system that uses methanol as an alternative fuel can be reduced by 56 % compared to a conventional coal-fired power plant system. In the case of the use of methanol as fuel for motor vehicles, carbon dioxide emissions.

Feasibility Study of CO2 Mitigation with Methanol Production through Hydrogenation and Bi-Reforming of Natural Gas

2019 ◽  
Vol 965 ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Igor Lapenda Wiesberg ◽  
José Luiz de Medeiros ◽  
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Economic Analyses

Chemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol has the potential to address two relevant sustainability issues: economically feasible replacement of fossil raw materials and avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions. However, chemical stability of CO2 is a challenging impediment to conversion, requiring harsh reaction conditions at the expense of increased energy input, adding capital, operational and environmental costs. This work evaluates two innovative chemical conversion of CO2 to methanol: the indirect conversion, which uses synthesis gas produced by bi-reforming as intermediate, and the direct conversion, via hydrogenation. Process simulations are used to obtain mass and energy balances, needed to support economic analyses. Due to the uncertainties in the raw material prices, including CO2 and hydrogen (H2), its limits for economic viability are estimated and sensitivity analyzes are carried in predetermined prices (base cases). It is considered the scenario of free CO2 available in atmospheric conditions, as in a bioethanol industry, but the sensitivity analyses show the results for other scenarios, as in a CO2 rich natural gas, in which the cost of processing CO2 is zero. The economic analyses show that hydrogenation can be feasible if hydrogen prices are lower than 1000 US$/t, while the indirect route is viable only for cheap sources of natural gas below 3.7 US$/MMBtu. The CO2 pre-treatment costs are not as sensible as the others raw materials.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol: recent advances and prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Shahla Firiddun Taghiyevа ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is the main source of the greenhouse effect, causing global warming and climate change. In this regard, in order to avoid more dangerous consequences, the United Nations Conference on Climate Change has emphasized the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by at least half their current value by 2050, aiming to limit the global increase in average temperature to a maximum of 2 °C. Carbon dioxide is emitted mainly from power plants (e.g., coal-based) and vehicles, and other industrial sources contribute to an increase in CO2 emissions. In recent years, the scientific community has begun to view CO2 not as a costly waste, but mainly as a potential carbon alternative to fossils. Therefore, future prospects for reducing carbon dioxide emissions will concern not only the development of more efficient carbon dioxide storage technologies, but also the development of new strategies for CO2 processing in the energetical direction and in chemical intermediate products. In this regard, the conversion of CO2 to methanol has received increased attention, since methanol (CH3OH) is a key raw material for industrial chemicals, which can later be converted to high molecular weight alternative liquid fuels. The review considers works published over the past 10 years on the heterogeneous catalytic conversion of CO2 to methanol. The characteristics of the used catalysts, reaction mechanisms, key technologies and problems of industrial use, prospects for the application of heterogeneous catalytic conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons are discussed.

scholarly journals Observing carbon dioxide emissions over China's cities and industrial areas with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 8501-8510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Frédéric Chevallier ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Grégoire Broquet ◽  
Yilong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In order to track progress towards the global climate targets, the parties that signed the Paris Climate Agreement will regularly report their anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions based on energy statistics and CO2 emission factors. Independent evaluation of this self-reporting system is a fast-growing research topic. Here, we study the value of satellite observations of the column CO2 concentrations to estimate CO2 anthropogenic emissions with 5 years of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) retrievals over and around China. With the detailed information of emission source locations and the local wind, we successfully observe CO2 plumes from 46 cities and industrial regions over China and quantify their CO2 emissions from the OCO-2 observations, which add up to a total of 1.3 Gt CO2 yr−1 that accounts for approximately 13 % of mainland China's annual emissions. The number of cities whose emissions are constrained by OCO-2 here is 3 to 10 times larger than in previous studies that only focused on large cities and power plants in different locations around the world. Our satellite-based emission estimates are broadly consistent with the independent values from China's detailed emission inventory MEIC but are more different from those of two widely used global gridded emission datasets (i.e., EDGAR and ODIAC), especially for the emission estimates for the individual cities. These results demonstrate some skill in the satellite-based emission quantification for isolated source clusters with the OCO-2, despite the sparse sampling of this instrument not designed for this purpose. This skill can be improved by future satellite missions that will have a denser spatial sampling of surface emitting areas, which will come soon in the early 2020s.

THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC AIR POLLUTION MITIGATION AND FRACKING ON RETIREMENTS OF COAL POWER PLANTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950008 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH G. SCHIAVO ◽  
ROBERT MENDELSOHN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Coal Power Plants ◽  
Coal Power ◽  
Gas Plants

This paper quantifies the magnitude of multiple potential causes of coal-fired power plant retirements since 1997. The paper finds that although the low natural gas prices from fracking have increased retirements, the foremost cause of retirements has been the tightening of criteria air pollutant regulations. These pollution regulations encouraged significant mitigation investments to reduce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and small particulate emissions. But the regulations also induced higher coal plant retirement rates which then reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Even accounting for the resulting increase in emissions from new natural gas plants, the regulations eliminated over a billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. In this example, strict mitigation to protect domestic public health has led to sizable global co-benefits.

CO2 Emission Abatement in CC-IGCC Power Plants: Energy and Economic Comparisons

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gambini ◽  
Michela Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Global Efficiency

In this paper two methodologies, able to avoid CO2 dispersion in atmosphere, have been analyzed: • treating exhaust gases in order to remove, liquefy and store the produced carbon dioxide; • de-carbonizing fossil fuels before using them in the combustion in order to inhibit completely carbon dioxide production. These methodologies have been implemented in advanced power plants based on gas turbine: a combined cycle power plant (CC), fed by natural gas, and an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), fed by coal. The exhaust gas treatment is based on a chemical process of absorption, while the fossil fuel decarbonization is based on partial oxidation of methane, steam methane reforming and coal gasification. These systems require material and energetic integrations with the power sections and so the best interconnections must be investigated in order to obtain good overall performance. With reference to thermodynamic and economic performance, significant comparisons have been made between the above mentioned reference plants. An efficiency decrease and an increase in the cost of electricity have been obtained when power plants are equipped with systems able to reduce CO2 emissions. However, in order to obtain low CO2 emissions when coal is used, the coal decarbonization must be implemented: in this case it is possible to attain a global efficiency of about 38%, a specific emission of 0.1117 kg/kWh and an increase of kWh cost of about 32%. Vice versa, in order to obtain low CO2 emissions when natural gas is used, the exhaust gas treatment must be implemented: in this case it is possible to attain a global efficiency of about 50.7%, a specific emission of 0.0391 kg/kWh and an increase of kWh cost of about 15%. The clean use of coal seems to have good potential because it allows low energy penalizations (about 7.5 percentage points) and economic increases of about 32%. Because of the great availability, the homogeneous distribution and the low cost of this fuel, these results seem to be very interesting especially in the viewpoint of a transition towards the “hydrogen economy”, based, at least in the medium term, on fossil fuels.

scholarly journals Short introspections regarding the sawdust briquetting as sustainable solution for the environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Imre Kiss ◽  
Vasile Alexa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Power Stations

Wood pellets have only become an important part of this boom in the past few years. Owners of large coal-fired power stations in Europe started searching for a way to fulfill the new regulations and to find a solution for the declining economic relevance of traditional coal-fired power stations due to their high carbon dioxide emissions. The answer was to give the old dirty giants a green coat of paint by “co-firing” regular coal power plants with wood pellets. Wood pellets have similar burning qualities to traditional coal and the costs of converting boilers to burn wood pellets are low. The idea of declaring wood pellets as a carbon neutral energy source was based on the assumption that the released emissions of carbon dioxide during the burning process are neutralized by the carbon that is captured and stored in newly growing trees. The idea of using wood as a renewable source was backed by environment organizations. More recent pellet investment projects as well as facilities currently under construction show that the production of wood pellets is being outsourced by the energy firms to companies specialized in wood pellet production. These firms are 100-percent focused on sourcing the raw material, operating the wood pellet production plant and handling the logistics for transporting the renewable resource.

scholarly journals Observing carbon dioxide emissions over China's cities with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Frederic Chevallier ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Gregoire Broquet ◽  
Yilong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In order to track progress towards the global climate targets, the parties that signed the Paris Climate Agreement will regularly report their anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions based on energy statistics and CO2 emission factors. Independent evaluation of this self-reporting system is a fast-growing research topic. Here, we study the value of satellite observations of the column CO2 concentrations to estimate CO2 anthropogenic emissions with five years of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) retrievals over and around China. With the detailed information of emission source locations and the local wind, we successfully observe CO2 plumes from 60 cities and industrial regions over China and quantify their CO2 emissions from the OCO-2 observations, which add up to a total of 1.6 Gt CO2 yr−1 that account for 17 % of mainland China's annual emissions. The number of cities whose emissions are constrained by OCO-2 here is three to ten times larger than previous studies that only focused on large cities and power plants in different locations around the world. Our satellite-based emission estimates are broadly consistent with the independent values from the detailed China's emission inventory MEIC, but are more different from those of two widely used global gridded emission datasets (i.e., EDGAR and ODIAC), especially for the emission estimates for the individual cities. These results demonstrate some skill in the satellite-based emission quantification for isolated source clusters with the OCO-2, despite the sparse sampling of this instrument not designed for this purpose. This skill can be improved by future satellite missions that will have a denser spatial sampling of surface emitting areas, which will come soon in the early 2020s.

Technology and Cost Options for Capture and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide From Gas Turbines: A System Study for Swedish Conditions

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clas Ekström ◽  
Adrin Cavani ◽  
Sven-Olov Ericson ◽  
Anna Hinderson ◽  
Mats Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
System Study

The current and predicted global massive dependency on fossil fuels calls for the exploration of new options to limit the future carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One such option that has been studied within the IEA Greenhouse Gas Implementing Agreement, is the capture and disposal of CO2 from combustion gases. Such options for Sweden have been examined in a system study financed by NUTEK (The Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development). Aquifers that should be suitable for disposal of CO2, exist in the South of Sweden - Denmark and in the Baltic Sea close to Lithuania. Based on commercially available technologies, CO2 can be captured from NGCC (natural gas combined cycle) and coal based IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) power plants. Most of the energy needed for the CO2 capture could then be recovered as district heating, thus maintaining the total energy efficiencies. At approximately 300 MW power production capacities, the heat quantities produced (55–85 MW heat) are likely to be suitable for a reasonable number of the Swedish district heating networks. CO2 neutral production and utilisation of methanol as an automative fuel for the transport sector integrated with production of electric power and district heat, could be achieved with biomass combined with natural gas or coal as a raw material. An amount of CO2 corresponding to the carbon in the fossil fuel then has to be captured and disposed. Examples of possible process concepts have been examined. The resulting estimated total costs for capture, transport and disposal of CO2, are in the same order of magnitude as the current Swedish carbon dioxide tax (365 SEK/ton CO2). Plant owners have to be credited for the captured and disposed CO2 in order to make this option economically justifiable and interesting for them. It will be important for the total economy to find favourable combinations of energy conversion, CO2 capture and recovery, transport and disposal. There is also a need to reduce todays uncertainties in the available basis for estimation of costs for large scale transport, injection and disposal of CO2 into aquifers.

scholarly journals Assessment of Green Methanol Production Potential and Related Economic and Environmental Benefits: The Case of China

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Oleg Bazaluk ◽  
Valerii Havrysh ◽  
Vitalii Nitsenko ◽  
Tomas Baležentis ◽  
Dalia Streimikiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Methanol Production

Adopting a new paradigm for social development implies a transition to a circular economy. The above requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the utilization of wastes, and the use of renewable energy sources. The most promising way is the use of methanol for industrial and transport applications. China is experiencing a boom in methanol production and its use in almost every sector of the economy. The purpose of this study was to reveal economic benefits, carbon dioxide emissions and the potential production of green methanol. Fuel price history, energy costs and fuel economy were used for economic assessment. Life cycle analysis to evaluate carbon dioxide emissions was applied. It was revealed that only the use of green methanol as a fuel results in decreases in well-to-wheel CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels. The potential methanol production by using recycled waste and wind power was determined. Its annual production can range from 6.83 to 32.43 million tones. On this basis, a gradual transition to a circular and methanol economy is possible. Policymakers are recommended to support green methanol production in China. It can result in boosting the application of vehicles fueled by methanol and can control CO2 emissions.

Determining and Forecasting Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Turkey

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yeser Aslanoglu ◽  
Merih Aydinalp Koksal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Noticeable Increase

In parallel to the increase in population and industrialization, the electricity demand of Turkey has been increasing rapidly in recent years. This has caused a noticeable increase in CO2 emission from electricity generation, especially due to the use of fossil fuelled power plants. These plants are mostly located in highly industrialized regions to reduce transmission loses and in regions with large amounts of coal and lignite reservoirs. In addition, using vast amounts of low quality lignite with high ash and sulphur contents in these power plants have affected these regions in recent years. Determining the pollutant emissions, and especially CO2 emissions, from these plants has been more significant after the ratification of Kyoto Protocol by Turkey in 2009. Within the context of this study, electricity generation associated CO2 emissions from existing power plants that run between 2001 and 2008 are determined. In addition to this, associated CO2 emissions from the power plants that are planned to be operated between 2009 and 2020 are also estimated. All assessments are made for nine load distribution regions in which electricity is generated and transmitted in Turkey. Therefore, regional electricity generation and associated CO2 emissions, and the shares of renewable sources for electricity generation are determined between 2001 and 2020. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that determines and estimates electricity generation associated CO2 emissions regionally for Turkey.

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