scholarly journals The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 1046-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristy Phillips ◽  
Mehmet Akif Baktir ◽  
Devsmita Das ◽  
Bill Lin ◽  
Ahmad Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Physical Therapist ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a primary cause of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly population worldwide. Despite the allocation of enormous amounts of funding and resources to studying this brain disorder, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for reducing the severity of pathology and restoring cognitive function in affected people. Recent reports on the failure of multiple clinical trials for AD have highlighted the need to diversify further the search for new therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction. Thus, studies detailing the neuroprotective effects of physical activity (PA) on the brain in AD were reviewed, and mechanisms by which PA might mitigate AD-related cognitive decline were explored. A MEDLINE database search was used to generate a list of studies conducted between January 2007 and September 2014 (n=394). These studies, along with key references, were screened to identify those that assessed the effects of PA on AD-related biomarkers and cognitive function. The search was not limited on the basis of intensity, frequency, duration, or mode of activity. However, studies in which PA was combined with another intervention (eg, diet, pharmacotherapeutics, ovariectomy, cognitive training, behavioral therapy), and studies not written in English were excluded. Thirty-eight animal and human studies met entry criteria. Most of the studies suggested that PA attenuates neuropathology and positively affects cognitive function in AD. Although the literature lacked sufficient evidence to support precise PA guidelines, convergent evidence does suggest that the incorporation of regular PA into daily routines mitigates AD-related symptoms, especially when deployed earlier in the disease process. Here the protocols used to alter the progression of AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline are highlighted, and the implications for physical therapist practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Decline: A Preventive Approach to Alzheimer Disease

Cureus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Humayoun Rashid ◽  
Muhammad Farhan Zahid ◽  
Sarmad Zain ◽  
Ahmad Kabir ◽  
Sibt Ul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Preventive Approach

451 THE BEST MARKER FOR COGNITION—RELATIVE HANDGRIP STRENGTH, ASYMMETRY OR WEAKNESS?

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii5-ii7
Author(s):  
V Ho ◽  
C Chen ◽  
R A Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Hand Dominance ◽  
Perceived Health Status ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Strength Asymmetry ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Handgrip strength (HGS) is increasingly used to estimate overall muscle strength. Association between low HGS and cognitive decline has been well documented. Recently, McGrath’s team elucidated a new dimension of HGS asymmetry with important implications on physical and cognitive limitations. It is unclear if these effects can be generalised. The Asian working group for sarcopenia (AWGS) has called for ‘special considerations’ due to ‘anthropometric and cultural or lifestyle-related differences’6. Hence, we aim to investigate if HGS asymmetry is associated with cognition in Asians. Methodology We defined sarcopenia by AWGS consensus: HGS <28 kg for men; <18 kg for women. Asymmetry was HGS >10% stronger on either hand; relative HGS was HGS adjusted for BMI. Low cognitive function was defined as MMSE<26. We compared weakness alone, any HGS asymmetry or relative HGS alone and combination of weakness and HGS asymmetry or relative HGS asymmetry. Each model was adjusted for demographic characteristics, hand dominance, obesity, frailty, physical activity, depression and perceived health status. Results 738 Asian subjects participated. Mean age 70.8 ± 0.2 years, 45.1% males, 82.5% Chinese. More than 50% have multimorbidity. 5.4% were frail. Mean BMI 24.4 ± 0.1 kg/m2. Mean HGS 22.6 ± 0.3. 93 (12.7%) had symmetrical HGS and not weak, 59 (7.8%) asymmetrical and not weak, 321 (43.6%) symmetrical and weak, 265 (35.9%) asymmetrical and weak. Mean MMSE scores for weakness alone, asymmetry alone and combined weakness and asymmetry are 26.6 ± 0.1, 26.8 ± 0.2 and 26.5 ± 0.2 respectively. HGS asymmetry alone was not associated with better cognitive function OR 0.66 (95%CI: 0.30–1.44). Combined asymmetry and weakness was non-significantly linked to worse cognition OR 2.14 (95%CI: 0.79–5.82). We found relative HGS to be protective for cognitive decline, OR 0.31 (95%CI: 0.12–0.78, p = 0.012). Conclusion Our study highlights the impact of ethnicity in sarcopenia research. Our population shows association of relative HGS with cognition. Further longitudinal studies are needed.

The Bidirectional Association Between Physical and Cognitive Function Among Chinese Older Adults: A Mediation Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 009141502094021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohang Zhao ◽  
Lei Jin ◽  
Skylar Biyang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Bidirectional Association

This study investigated the bidirectional association between physical and cognitive function in later life and examined the mechanisms underlying the interrelationship. We employed cross-lagged panel models to analyze a sample of 4232 unique participants aged 65 years and older from three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Physical activity and social participation were tested as potential mediators between physical and cognitive function. Our findings revealed a reciprocal relationship between physical and cognitive function and a reciprocal relationship between physical and cognitive decline. Moreover, physical activity was confirmed to mediate the bidirectional association between physical and cognitive function, whereas social participation did not seem to be a mediator. A vicious cycle linking physical and cognitive decline may exist in Chinese older adults. However, leading a physically active lifestyle could be an effective intervention to slow physical and cognitive aging, thereby toning down the vicious cycle.

scholarly journals The value of assessing cognitive function in drug development

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-202 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Automated System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Large Patient

This paper reviews the value and utility of measuring cognitive function in the development of new medicines by reference to the most widely used automated system in clinical research. Evidence is presented from phase 1 to 3 of the nature and quality of the information that can be obtained by applying the Cognitive Drug Research computerized assessment system to ongoing clinical trials. Valuable evidence can be obtained even in the first trial in which a novel compound is administered to man. One application of such testing is to ensure that novel compounds are relatively free from cognition-impairing properties, particularly in relation to competitor products. Another is to ensure that unwanted interactions with alcohol and other medications do not occur, or, if they do, to put them in context. In many patient populations, cognitive dysfunction occurs as a result of the disease process, and newer medicines which can treat the symptoms of the disease without further impairing function can often reveal benefits as the disease-induced cognitive dysfunction is reduced. Another major application is to identify benefits for compounds designed to enhance cognitive function. Such effects can be sought in typical phase 1 trials, or a scopolamine model of the core deficits of Alzheimer's disease can be used to screen potential antidernentia drugs. Ultimately, of course, such effects can be demonstrated using properly validated and highly sensitive automated procedures in the target populations. The data presented demonstrate that the concept of independently assessing a variety of cognitive functions is crucial in helping differentiate drugs, types of dementia, and different illnesses. Such information offers a unique insight into how the alterations to various cognitive functions will manifest themselves in everyday behavior. This reveals a major limitation of scales that yield a single score, because such limited information does not permit anything but a quantitative interpretation; and the concept of "more" cognitive function or "less" is manifestly inappropriate for something as complex and diverse as the interplay between cognitive function and human behavior. Finally, the next generations of cognitive testing are described. Testing via the telephone has just been introduced and will have dramatic effects on the logistics of conducting cognitive testing in large patient trials. Testing via the Internet is not far off either, and will come fully into play as the proportion of homes connected to the Internet increases in Europe and North America. There are no sound reasons for not wishing to include cognitive function testing in the development protocol of any novel medicine.

scholarly journals Association of Sickle Cell Trait with Measures of Cognitive Function and Dementia in African Americans

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1099-1099
Author(s):  
Chen Nemin ◽  
Christina Caruso ◽  
Alvaro Alonso ◽  
Vimal K. Derebail ◽  
Abhijit V Kshirsagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Risk Allele ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Z Score

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its associated complication of cognitive decline is significantly higher amongst African Americans than non-Hispanic Whites. Sickle cell anemia or sickle cell disease has been associated with a 30-45% increased prevalence of CSVD which presents as silent cerebral infarcts and impaired cognitive function. However, the association between sickle cell trait (heterozygosity for the sickle cell mutation) and cognitive decline or dementia has not been reported. Hypothesis: African Americans with SCT will have a significantly higher incidence and prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia compared to those without SCT. Methods: We studied African Americans participants enrolled in the community-based prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. SCT genotype status was determined using Taqman® genotyping from blood samples collected at baseline. Data from cognitive assessments at visits 2, 4 and 5, and an MRI performed at visit 5 were used for analysis. Using linear regression models for visit 2 cognitive measures and visit 5 brain MRI outcomes, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) for cognitive change, and Cox models for the incidence of dementia, we determined whether SCT was associated with a higher risk for cognitive dysfunction, global and regional brain volumes, and dementia. Results: Distribution of traditional risk factors for cognitive decline were not significantly different between participants with SCT (N = 176) and those without SCT (N = 2,532). In multivariable, cross-sectional analyses of 2,708 participants, those participants with SCT compared to those without SCT did not show a statistically significant difference in the global or domain-specific cognitive function scores at baseline. Participants with SCT did not experience a faster 20-year cognitive decline compared to participants without SCT. Also, participants with SCT had larger parietal cortical volume (100.5 cm3 vs. 97.9 cm3, diff. = 2.67 (0.24, 5.11) cm3, p = 0.03), and lower incidence of dementia (HR = 0.63 95% CI = 0.38, 1.05) compared to those without SCT. Participants with a co-inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 risk allele and SCT (N = 63) had worse scores on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) at baseline (z-score = -0.08 (-0.26, 0.09), Pinteraction = 0.05) and over time (z-score = -0.12 (-0.38, 0.14), Pinteraction = 0.04), compared to those with the APOE ε4 risk allele who do not have SCT (N = 113). SCT was associated with 2-fold increased risk of dementia among participants with diabetes mellitus and a 55% reduction in risk of dementia among those without diabetes mellitus (Pinteraction = 0.01). Conclusions: SCT was not an independent risk factor for prevalent or incident cognitive decline, but it could potentially interact with and modify other risk factors for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. Disclosures Key: UniQure BV: Research Funding.

scholarly journals The Potential Mediation of the Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function by the Gut Microbiome

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Victoria Sanborn ◽  
John Gunstad
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Reduce Risk

The population of older adults is growing dramatically worldwide. As older adults are at greater risk of developing disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction (i.e., dementia), healthcare costs are expected to double by 2040. Evidence suggests dementia may be slowed or prevented by lifestyle interventions, including physical activity (PA). PA is associated with improved cognitive function and may reduce risk for dementia by mitigating known risk factors (i.e., cardiovascular diseases) and/or by enhancing neurochemical processes. An emerging area of research suggests the gut microbiome may have similar neuroprotective effects. Altering the gut microbiome has been found to target physiological processes associated with dementia risk, and it influences gut-brain-microbiome axis signaling, impacting cognitive functioning. The gut microbiome can be altered by several means (i.e., disease, diet, prebiotics, probiotics), including PA. As PA and the gut microbiome independently influence cognitive function and PA changes the composition of the gut microbiome, cognitive improvement due to PA may be partially mediated by the gut microbiome. The present article provides an overview of the literature regarding the complex associations among PA, cognitive function, and the gut microbiome, as well as their underlying biological mechanisms. A comprehensive, theoretical model integrating evidence for the potential mediation is proposed.

scholarly journals Cognitive Function and Atrial Fibrillation: From the Strength of Relationship to the Dark Side of Prevention. Is There a Contribution from Sinus Rhythm Restoration and Maintenance?

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Gallinoro ◽  
Saverio D’Elia ◽  
Dario Prozzo ◽  
Michele Lioncino ◽  
Francesco Natale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sinus Rhythm ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Cerebral Hypoperfusion ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
The Impact

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic cardiac arrhythmia with an increasing prevalence over time mainly because of population aging. It is well established that the presence of AF increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, sudden death, and cardiovascular morbidity. In the last two decades several reports have shown an association between AF and cognitive function, ranging from impairment to dementia. Ischemic stroke linked to AF is a well-known risk factor and predictor of cognitive decline. In this clinical scenario, the risk of stroke might be reduced by oral anticoagulation. However, recent data suggest that AF may be a predictor of cognitive impairment and dementia also in the absence of stroke. Cerebral hypoperfusion, reduced brain volume, microbleeds, white matter hyperintensity, neuroinflammation, and genetic factors have been considered as potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AF-related cognitive dysfunction. However, a cause-effect relationship remains still controversial. Consequently, no therapeutic strategies are available to prevent AF-related cognitive decline in stroke-free patients. This review will analyze the potential mechanisms leading to cognitive dysfunction in AF patients and examine the available data on the impact of a sinus rhythm restoration and maintenance strategy in reducing the risk of cognitive decline.

Acute and Long-term Memantine Add-on Treatment to Risperidone Improves Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schaefer ◽  
Susanne Sarkar ◽  
Ines Theophil ◽  
Karolina Leopold ◽  
Andreas Heinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Negative Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Patients with schizophrenia are mainly characterized by negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. In this proof-of-concept study we tested effects on cognition and negative symptoms of a 6- or 24-week memantine add-on treatment to risperidone in patients with acute or chronic schizophrenia. Materials and Methods Patients with an acute episode of schizophrenia (n=11) and predominating positive symptoms were randomized to a 6-week add-on treatment with memantine (10 mg twice a day) versus placebo and patients with chronic schizophrenia (n=13) and negative symptoms were randomized to a 24-week add-on treatment with memantine (10 mg twice a day) versus placebo. All patients received antipsychotic medication with risperidone (2–8 mg/day). Psychopathological changes were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Cognitive function was measured at baseline, after 6 weeks, and 24 weeks. Results Patients with acute schizophrenia who received add-on treatment with memantine showed a significantly higher performance in attention intensity (p=0.043), problem-solving (p=0.043), verbal learning (p=0.050), and flexibility (p=0.049). Patients with chronic schizophrenia showed a significantly higher immediate memory in the memantine group compared to the placebo group (p=0.033) and a significantly greater reduction of the PANSS sum score if compared to the placebo group. Discussions Our study gives further evidence that memantine add-on treatment to risperidone may have neuroprotective effects and improve cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT00148590 and NCT00148616.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN STATUS PERKAWINAN, APOE ε4, DAN JENIS AKTIVITAS FISIK TERHADAP PENURUNAN KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA PEREMPUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Andrian Singgih ◽  
Yuda Turana ◽  
Yvonne Suzy Handajani ◽  
Nelly Tina Widjaja ◽  
Linda Suryakusuma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Active Aging ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Apoe Ε4 ◽  
State Examination

      RELATIONSHIP OF MARITAL STATUS, APOE ε4, AND TYPES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ON COGNITIVE DECLINE IN ELDERLY WOMENABSTRACTIntroduction: The number of elderly population in Indonesia continues to increase every year, especially women. Elderly women are at higher risk of experiencing decreased cognitive function.Aims: To determine the relationship between the characteristics  of the subject, vascular risk factors, APOE ε4 genotype, and the type of physical activity with the decline of cognitive function in elderly women.Methods: A cognitive cohort study of 114 elderly women who had been observed for a mean of ±2.5 years, as part of the Active Aging study at Atma Jaya Catholic University. The independent variables of this study included were age, education, marital status, vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and BMI), APOE ε4, and types of physical activity. Cognitive function is measured using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).Results: There were 114 subjects with mean age was 71.22±7.297 and 33.3% experienced a decline in cognitive function. There were 114 subjects with mean age was 71.22±7.297 and 33.3% experienced a decline in cognitive function. Age, marital status (single), and type of physical activity (cooking) have a significant relationship with Relative Risk (RR) of 4,45; 0,12; and 0,334.Discussions: Factors related to cognitive decline in elderly women were age. Marital status (single) and  cooking activities  were  protective factors.Keywords: APOE, cognitive decline, elderly, marital status, physical activityABSTRAKPendahuluan: Angka populasi lansia di Indonesia setiap tahunnya terus meningkat, terutama perempuan. Lansia perempuan berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik subjek, faktor risiko vaskuler, genotip APOE ε4, dan jenis aktivitas fisik terhadap penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia perempuan.Metode: Penelitian kohort terhadap 114 lansia perempuan >60 tahun yang diikuti fungsi kognitifnya selama rerata ±2,5 tahun, sebagai bagian dari penelitian Active Aging di Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. Variabel bebas penelitian ini meliputi usia, pendidikan, status perkawinan, faktor risiko vaskuler (hipertensi, diabetes, dislipidemia, dan IMT), APOE ε4, dan jenis aktivitas fisik. Fungsi kognitif diukur menggunakan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).Hasil: Didapatkan 114 subjek dengan rerata usia 71,2±7,3 dan 33,3% mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan usia, status perkawinan (single) , dan jenis aktivitas fisik (memasak) memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan risiko relatif (RR) masing-masing 4,46; 0,12; dan 0,334.Diskusi: Faktor risiko gangguan fungsi kognitif pada lansia perempuan adalah usia. Status perkawinan (single) dan aktivitas memasak merupakan faktor protektif.Kata kunci: Status perkawinan, APOE, aktivitas fisik, penurunan kognitif, lanjut usia  

Motivational Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-158
Author(s):  
Simon Forstmeier ◽  
Myriam Verena Thoma ◽  
Andreas Maercker
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Brain Reserve ◽  
Measurement Concept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Reduced Risk

Brain reserve (i.e., the ability of the brain to tolerate age- and disease-related changes in a way that cognitive function is still maintained) is assumed to be based on the lifelong training of various abilities. Motivational reserve (MR) is a form of brain reserve and can be defined as a set of motivational abilities that provide the individual with resilience to neuropathological damage. The first part of the chapter explains the term motivational processes and the model of MR and describes the measurement concept. The second part summarizes the results of several studies on the model of MR. For example, motivational abilities have been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease (AD) in apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers, but not in noncarriers. Revealing the mechanisms underlying the association of motivational abilities and cognitive decline may lead to novel strategies for delaying the onset of AD symptoms.

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