scholarly journals Tele-dermatology Recruitment during COVID-19: An Application of Behavioral Economic Principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-362
Author(s):  
Morgan Chambers ◽  
Jeffrey Miller ◽  
Bruce Brod ◽  
Jordan Lim
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Quality Improvement Initiative ◽  
Choice Overload ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Dermatology Clinic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Patient Enrollment

In the ever-changing state of healthcare during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, our system has innovated rapidly using tele-dermatology in acute and chronic patient management.  To combat barriers such as low patient enrollment, behavioral economics theories were implemented.  Underlying principles in choice architecture, include choice inertia, the way in which humans favor the status quo; and choice overload, where humans fail to make an optimal choice when presented with multiple options.  Using these theories, we modified support-staff scripts in our dermatology clinic used when rescheduling appointments.  Our baseline script group allowed for patients to choose from a list of options whereas our improvement script applied behavioral economic principles and used tele-dermatology as the default.  This quality improvement initiative was employed with the hypothesis that the “improvement” group would lead to an increase in tele-dermatology enrollment over an 8-week period.  Our results are clinically significant and demonstrate the effect behavioral economics has on patient enrollment in tele-dermatology, which will serve as an asset during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Harmonising EQA schemes the next frontier: challenging the status quo

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1795-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Badrick ◽  
Anne Stavelin
Keyword(s):  
External Quality Assessment ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Laboratory Medicine ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
The Status ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Eqa Schemes

AbstractThere is a focus on standardisation and harmonisation of laboratory results to reduce the risk of misinterpretation of patient results assayed in different laboratories. External quality assessment (EQA) is critical to assess the need for harmonisation and to monitor the success of procedures to achieve harmonisation. However, EQA providers are being stretched to meet the needs of their participants with proven commutable material with reference method targets, a range of clinically significant levels of the materials, detailed and customised data analysis, and educational support. The path ahead for harmonisation of EQA schemes will require leadership from an organisation that has the support and confidence of EQA providers, like the European Organisation for External Qualily Assurance Providers in Laboratory Medicine.

The economics of cognitive effort

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Andrew Westbrook ◽  
Todd S. Braver
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Cost Factors

AbstractIf cognitive effort indexes opportunity costs, it should be investigated like other cost factors including risk and delay. We discuss recent methodological advances in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics, highlighting our own work in measuring the subjective (economic) value of cognitive effort. We discuss the implications of Kurzban et al.'s proposal and how some of its predictions may be untestable without behavioral economic formalisms.

Economics and Epicycles

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162095378
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kanazawa
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Economic Studies

I aver that standard economics as a model of human behavior is as incorrect in 2017 (after Thaler) as geocentrism was as a model of celestial behavior in 1617 (after Galileo). Behavioral economic studies that have exposed the paradoxes and anomalies in standard economics are akin to epicycles on geocentrism. Just as no amount of epicycles could salvage geocentrism as a model of celestial behavior because it was fundamentally incorrect, no amount of behavioral economic adjustments could salvage standard economics as a model of human behavior because it is fundamentally incorrect. Many of the cognitive biases exhibited by humans are shared by other species, so not only are human actors Humans (as opposed to Econs), but nonhuman animals as phylogenetically distant from humans as ants and locusts are also Humans. Evolutionary biology as a model of human behavior can explain many of the hitherto unexplained cognitive biases and provide a unifying model of human behavior currently lacking in behavioral economics.

scholarly journals The Value of Behavioral Economics for EU Judicial Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-264
Author(s):  
Christoph K. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Cognitive Illusions ◽  
Proportionality Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis Article analyzes the value of behavioral economics for EU judicial decision-making. The first part introduces the foundations of behavioral economics by focusing on cognitive illusions, prospect theory, and the underlying distinction between different processes of thought. The second part examines the influence of selected biases and heuristics, namely the anchoring effect, availability bias, zero-risk bias, and hindsight bias on diverse legal issues in EU law including, among others, the scope of the fundamental freedoms, the proportionality test as well as the roles of the Advocate General and Reporting Judge. The Article outlines how behavioral economic findings can be taken into account to improve judicial decision-making. Accordingly, the adaptation of judicial training concerning cognitive illusions, the establishment of a de minimis rule regarding the scope of the fundamental freedoms, and the use of economic models when determining the impact of certain measures on fundamental freedoms is suggested. Finally, an “unbiased jury” concentrating exclusively on specific factual issues such as causal connections within the proportionality test is necessary, if the hindsight bias is to be avoided. While it is of great importance to take behavioral economic findings into account, judicial decision-making is unlikely to become flawless based on natural intelligence. Despite bearing fundamental risks, artificial intelligence may provide means to achieve greater fairness, consistency, and legal certainty in the future.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of Public Perceptions on Vaccine Acceptance Using Behavioral Economics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Hursh ◽  
Justin C. Strickland ◽  
Lindsay P. Schwartz ◽  
Derek D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of public perceptions of vaccine safety and efficacy on intent to seek COVID-19 vaccination using hypothetical vaccine acceptance scenarios. The behavioral economic methodology could be used to inform future public health vaccination campaigns designed to influence public perceptions and improve public acceptance of the vaccine. In June 2020, 534 respondents completed online validated behavioral economic procedures adapted to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine demand in relation to a hypothetical development process and efficacy. An exponential demand function was used to describe the proportion of participants accepting the vaccine at each efficacy. Linear mixed effect models evaluated development process and individual characteristic effects on minimum required vaccine efficacy required for vaccine acceptance. The rapid development process scenario increased the rate of decline in acceptance with reductions in efficacy. At 50% efficacy, 68.8% of respondents would seek the standard vaccine, and 58.8% would seek the rapid developed vaccine. Rapid vaccine development increased the minimum required efficacy for vaccine acceptance by over 9 percentage points, γ = 9.36, p < 0.001. Past-3-year flu vaccination, γ = −23.00, p < 0.001, and male respondents, γ = −4.98, p = 0.037, accepted lower efficacy. Respondents reporting greater conspiracy beliefs, γ = 0.39, p < 0.001, and political conservatism, γ = 0.32, p < 0.001, required higher efficacy. Male, γ = −4.43, p = 0.013, and more conservative, γ = −0.09, p = 0.039, respondents showed smaller changes in minimum required efficacy by development process. Information on the vaccine development process, vaccine efficacy, and individual differences impact the proportion of respondents reporting COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Behavioral economics provides an empirical method to estimate vaccine demand to target subpopulations resistant to vaccination.

Hypertensive crisis: modern view of the problem and optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Kryukov ◽  
Nikolay P. Potekhin ◽  
A. N. Fursov ◽  
V. A. Chernetsov ◽  
S. A. Chernov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hypertensive Crisis ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Clinically Significant

The data collected by Burdenko Military Hospital indicate that in the 1980s hypertensive crisis (HC) occurred in roughly 30% of the patients with AH. This value fell down to 16% by 2012, with a rise in the number of uncomplicated crises from 46 to 62%. Analysis of the causes behind these changes showed that half of the patients simply experienced an elevated arterial pressure with minimal clinical symptoms. The decrease in the number of complicated cases from 54 to 39% is doubtful bearing in mind that ICD-10 gives the status of nosological entities to complications of hypertensive crisis (stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.) but not to the HC syndrome proper requiring urgent hospitalization; due to this hypertensive crisis itself tends to be disregarded and not included in statistics. HC with acute clinically significant lesions of target organs requires intensive care or resuscitation using infusion of vasodilators and loop diuretics to stabilize arterial pressure. In case of uncomplicted HC and aggravation of hypertensive disease, the medications of choice are oral short-acting ACE inhibitors and imidazoline receptor agonists.

scholarly journals Behavioral Economics and the Conduct of Benefit-Cost Analysis: Towards Principles and Standards

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Robinson ◽  
James K. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Principles And Standards ◽  
Benefit Cost

As traditionally conducted, benefit-cost analysis is rooted in neoclassical welfare economics, which, in its most simplified form, assumes that individuals act rationally and are primarily motivated by self-interest, making decisions that maximize their welfare. Its conduct is evolving to reflect recent work in behavioral economics, which explores the psychological aspects of decisionmaking. We consider several implications for analyses of social programs, focusing largely on economic valuation. First, benefit-cost analysis often involves valuing nonmarket outcomes such as reductions in health and environmental risks. Behavioral research emphasizes the need to recognize that these values are affected by psychological as well as physical attributes. Second, benefit-cost analysis traditionally uses exponential discounting to reflect time preferences, while behavioral research suggests that individuals’ discounting may be hyperbolic. While the appropriate rates and functional form are uncertain, market rates best represent the opportunity costs associated with diverting funds to support a particular social policy or program. Such rates reflect the intersection between technological progress and individual preferences, regardless of whether these preferences fit the standard economic model or a behavioral alternative. Third, behavioral research emphasizes the need to consider the influence of other-regarding preferences on valuation. In addition to acting altruistically, individuals may act reciprocally to reward or punish others, or use the status of others as the baseline against which to assess their own well-being. Fourth, behavioral economics identifies factors that can help researchers develop valuation studies that provide well-informed, thoughtful preferences. Finally, while behavioral research has led some to argue for a more paternalistic approach to policy analysis, an alternative is to continue to focus on describing the preferences of those affected by the policy options while working to ensure that these preferences are based on knowledge and careful reflection. Benefit-cost analysis can be best viewed as a pragmatic framework for collecting, organizing, and evaluating relevant information.

The behavioral economics of addiction: A comprehensive alternative

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Fantino
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
Target Article

AbstractHeyman's target article makes a strong case for a behavioral approach to addiction, yet some important assumptions require justification, and promising behavioral alternatives to the author's melioration approach should be considered. In particular, the behavioral economic approach to addiction appears well developed and comprehensive. How does the melioration approach complement or improve on a behavioral economic account?

scholarly journals Feasibility of implementing a behavioral economics mobile health platform for individuals with behavioral health conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-510
Author(s):  
Barry Granek ◽  
Aja Evans ◽  
Jorge Petit ◽  
Mary Crawford James ◽  
Yixuan (Matt) Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Behavioral Economic Theory

AbstractCoordinated Behavioral Care’s (CBC) Pathway Home™ (PH) program partnered with Wellth, Inc., a mobile health platform grounded in behavioral economics theory, to help individuals with behavioral health conditions build and reinforce health habits by providing daily reminders to take medication, requiring tasks (photos demonstrating remembrance), and providing financial incentives tied to behaviors. CBC made Wellth, Inc. available to individuals enrolling in its PH program for the purpose of demonstrating the feasibility of implementing a novel mobile technology grounded in behavioral economic theory to increase habits of health activities, such as taking medication, among adults with behavioral health conditions.

scholarly journals Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic issues

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Pat Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Hyperkinetic Syndrome ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Status ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Clinically Significant

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (also known as hyperactivity or hyperkinetic syndrome) refers to a constellation of behaviours arising from "an enduring disposition to behave in a restless, inattentive, distractible and disorganised fashion". To make the diagnosis there must be abnormalities in either or both attention and activity which are excessive compared with the norm for a child of that age or developmental level, have been present from an early age (at least seven years but often identifiable by three years) and are pervasive, ie present in more than one area of a child's life (home, school, social situations etc). Medically the status of this diagnos is is that of a syndrome or disorder, not a disease, and none of the described behaviours is exclusive to the diagnosis. It also presents as a spectrum disorder, with less and more severe degrees, but it should be noted that the DSM IV classification requires evidence of clinically significant impairment of function. There are three main groups of symptoms: overactivity, inattentivenes and impulsivity.

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