scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of Public Perceptions on Vaccine Acceptance Using Behavioral Economics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Hursh ◽  
Justin C. Strickland ◽  
Lindsay P. Schwartz ◽  
Derek D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of public perceptions of vaccine safety and efficacy on intent to seek COVID-19 vaccination using hypothetical vaccine acceptance scenarios. The behavioral economic methodology could be used to inform future public health vaccination campaigns designed to influence public perceptions and improve public acceptance of the vaccine. In June 2020, 534 respondents completed online validated behavioral economic procedures adapted to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine demand in relation to a hypothetical development process and efficacy. An exponential demand function was used to describe the proportion of participants accepting the vaccine at each efficacy. Linear mixed effect models evaluated development process and individual characteristic effects on minimum required vaccine efficacy required for vaccine acceptance. The rapid development process scenario increased the rate of decline in acceptance with reductions in efficacy. At 50% efficacy, 68.8% of respondents would seek the standard vaccine, and 58.8% would seek the rapid developed vaccine. Rapid vaccine development increased the minimum required efficacy for vaccine acceptance by over 9 percentage points, γ = 9.36, p < 0.001. Past-3-year flu vaccination, γ = −23.00, p < 0.001, and male respondents, γ = −4.98, p = 0.037, accepted lower efficacy. Respondents reporting greater conspiracy beliefs, γ = 0.39, p < 0.001, and political conservatism, γ = 0.32, p < 0.001, required higher efficacy. Male, γ = −4.43, p = 0.013, and more conservative, γ = −0.09, p = 0.039, respondents showed smaller changes in minimum required efficacy by development process. Information on the vaccine development process, vaccine efficacy, and individual differences impact the proportion of respondents reporting COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Behavioral economics provides an empirical method to estimate vaccine demand to target subpopulations resistant to vaccination.

scholarly journals The Value of Behavioral Economics for EU Judicial Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-264
Author(s):  
Christoph K. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Cognitive Illusions ◽  
Proportionality Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis Article analyzes the value of behavioral economics for EU judicial decision-making. The first part introduces the foundations of behavioral economics by focusing on cognitive illusions, prospect theory, and the underlying distinction between different processes of thought. The second part examines the influence of selected biases and heuristics, namely the anchoring effect, availability bias, zero-risk bias, and hindsight bias on diverse legal issues in EU law including, among others, the scope of the fundamental freedoms, the proportionality test as well as the roles of the Advocate General and Reporting Judge. The Article outlines how behavioral economic findings can be taken into account to improve judicial decision-making. Accordingly, the adaptation of judicial training concerning cognitive illusions, the establishment of a de minimis rule regarding the scope of the fundamental freedoms, and the use of economic models when determining the impact of certain measures on fundamental freedoms is suggested. Finally, an “unbiased jury” concentrating exclusively on specific factual issues such as causal connections within the proportionality test is necessary, if the hindsight bias is to be avoided. While it is of great importance to take behavioral economic findings into account, judicial decision-making is unlikely to become flawless based on natural intelligence. Despite bearing fundamental risks, artificial intelligence may provide means to achieve greater fairness, consistency, and legal certainty in the future.

scholarly journals Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan sebagai Upaya Pemulihan Dampak Kerusakan Lingkungan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Vera Rimbawani Sushanty
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environmental Disputes ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to review the resolution of environmental disputes outside the court based on Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH). The problem is focused on efforts to protect and restore environmental damage. The method used in this research is normative or doctrinal legal research. Data is collected through a literature approach and analyzed qualitatively. The rapid development of the industry, requires natural resources in the form of raw materials and energy sources that are very large as well. The consequence of the industrial development process is the increase in waste produced by the industry. This is very possible for friction between the surrounding communities, which in turn can lead to conflict or dispute. This study concludes that resolving environmental disputes outside the court is considered more beneficial because if it takes a case in court it takes a long time. By shortening the process the impact of environmental damage can be more quickly addressed so that the ecosystem can soon recover and social, economic and cultural life can proceed as it should.

scholarly journals HIV population-level adaptation can rapidly diminish the impact of a partially effective vaccine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Herbeck ◽  
Kathryn Peebles ◽  
Paul T. Edlefsen ◽  
Morgane Rolland ◽  
James T. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDevelopment of an HIV vaccine is essential to ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, vaccines can result in the emergence and spread of vaccine-resistant strains. Indeed, analyses of breakthrough infections in the HIV vaccine trial RV144 identified HIV genotypes with differential rates of transmission in vaccine and placebo recipients. We hypothesized that, for HIV vaccination programs based on partially effective vaccines similar to RV144, HIV adaptation will diminish the expected vaccine impact. Using two HIV epidemic models, we simulated large-scale vaccination programs and, critically, included HIV strain diversity with respect to the vaccine response. We show here that rapid population-level viral adaptation can lead to decreased overall vaccine efficacy and substantially fewer infections averted by vaccination, when comparing scenarios with and without viral evolution (depending on vaccination coverage, vaccine efficacy against the sensitive allele, and the initial resistant allele frequency). Translating this to the epidemic in South Africa, a scenario with 70% vaccination coverage may result in 250,000 new infections within 10 years of vaccine rollout that are due solely to HIV adaptation, all else being equal. These findings suggest that approaches to HIV vaccine development, program implementation, and epidemic modeling may require attention to viral evolutionary responses to vaccination.

scholarly journals Vaccine Strategy During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What School Nurses Need to Know

2021 ◽  
pp. 1942602X2110201
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Barnby ◽  
Mark Reynolds ◽  
Jenny Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Speed Up

The National Association of School Nurses supports immunization to reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. School nurses have the obligation to discern and understand vaccine strategies to aid in the advocacy and education of their school administrators, faculty, staff, students, and caregivers. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to all continents, and the total number of those infected or immune through effective vaccination is well below the estimated need for herd immunity. To achieve herd immunity against the global outbreak of COVID-19, the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines is essential. Using multiple strategies and vaccine platforms to speed up the vaccine development process will inherently save more lives. Equipped with this knowledge of vaccine strategy, the school nurse can more aptly advocate for the use of the COVID-19 vaccines to move toward herd immunity in their communities.

scholarly journals The impact of vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed M Moghadas ◽  
Thomas N Vilches ◽  
Kevin Zhang ◽  
Chad R Wells ◽  
Affan Shoukat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Background Global vaccine development efforts have been accelerated in response to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the impact of a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination campaign on reducing incidence, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States (US). Methods We developed an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and parameterized it with US demographics and age-specific COVID-19 outcomes. Healthcare workers and high-risk individuals were prioritized for vaccination, while children under 18 years of age were not vaccinated. We considered a vaccine efficacy of 95% against disease following 2 doses administered 21 days apart achieving 40% vaccine coverage of the overall population within 284 days. We varied vaccine efficacy against infection, and specified 10% pre-existing population immunity for the base-case scenario. The model was calibrated to an effective reproduction number of 1.2, accounting for current non-pharmaceutical interventions in the US. Results Vaccination reduced the overall attack rate to 4.6% (95% CrI: 4.3% - 5.0%) from 9.0% (95% CrI: 8.4% - 9.4%) without vaccination, over 300 days. The highest relative reduction (54-62%) was observed among individuals aged 65 and older. Vaccination markedly reduced adverse outcomes, with non-ICU hospitalizations, ICU hospitalizations, and deaths decreasing by 63.5% (95% CrI: 60.3% - 66.7%), 65.6% (95% CrI: 62.2% - 68.6%), and 69.3% (95% CrI: 65.5% - 73.1%), respectively, across the same period. Conclusions Our results indicate that vaccination can have a substantial impact on mitigating COVID-19 outbreaks, even with limited protection against infection. However, continued compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions is essential to achieve this impact.

scholarly journals The impact of vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed M. Moghadas ◽  
Thomas N. Vilches ◽  
Kevin Zhang ◽  
Chad R. Wells ◽  
Affan Shoukat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackgroundGlobal vaccine development efforts have been accelerated in response to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the impact of a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination campaign on reducing incidence, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States (US).MethodsWe developed an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and parameterized it with US demographics and age-specific COVID-19 outcomes. Healthcare workers and high-risk individuals were prioritized for vaccination, while children under 18 years of age were not vaccinated. We considered a vaccine efficacy of 95% against disease following 2 doses administered 21 days apart achieving 40% vaccine coverage of the overall population within 284 days. We varied vaccine efficacy against infection, and specified 10% pre-existing population immunity for the base-case scenario. The model was calibrated to an effective reproduction number of 1.2, accounting for current non-pharmaceutical interventions in the US.ResultsVaccination reduced the overall attack rate to 4.6% (95% CrI: 4.3% - 5.0%) from 9.0% (95% CrI: 8.4% - 9.4%) without vaccination, over 300 days. The highest relative reduction (54-62%) was observed among individuals aged 65 and older. Vaccination markedly reduced adverse outcomes, with non-ICU hospitalizations, ICU hospitalizations, and deaths decreasing by 63.5% (95% CrI: 60.3% - 66.7%), 65.6% (95% CrI: 62.2% - 68.6%), and 69.3% (95% CrI: 65.5% - 73.1%), respectively, across the same period.ConclusionsOur results indicate that vaccination can have a substantial impact on mitigating COVID-19 outbreaks, even with limited protection against infection. However, continued compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions is essential to achieve this impact.Key pointsVaccination with a 95% efficacy against disease could substantially mitigate future attack rates, hospitalizations, and deaths, even if only adults are vaccinated. Non-pharmaceutical interventions remain an important part of outbreak response as vaccines are distributed over time.

Research on behavior recognition based on feature fusion of automatic coder and recurrent neural network

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8927-8935
Author(s):  
Bing Zheng ◽  
Dawei Yun ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Behavior Recognition ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

Under the impact of COVID-19, research on behavior recognition are highly needed. In this paper, we combine the algorithm of self-adaptive coder and recurrent neural network to realize the research of behavior pattern recognition. At present, most of the research of human behavior recognition is focused on the video data, which is based on the video number. At the same time, due to the complexity of video image data, it is easy to violate personal privacy. With the rapid development of Internet of things technology, it has attracted the attention of a large number of experts and scholars. Researchers have tried to use many machine learning methods, such as random forest, support vector machine and other shallow learning methods, which perform well in the laboratory environment, but there is still a long way to go from practical application. In this paper, a recursive neural network algorithm based on long and short term memory (LSTM) is proposed to realize the recognition of behavior patterns, so as to improve the accuracy of human activity behavior recognition.

Расчетные методы оценки ударной вязкости сварных элементов с трещинами

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Crack Development ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Critical Crack Length ◽  
The Impact

Практика показывает, что для сварных конструкций, эксплуатируемых в условиях Крайнего Севера необходимо уделять внимание работоспособности сварных соединений при низких температурах. Металл сварных соединений в процессе воздействия обработки изменяет свои свойства, снижается ударная вязкость, образуется гетерогенная структура с большой степенью разнозернистости. Чтобы оценивать и иметь возможность правильно контролировать термическое воздействие и последствия сварочного процесса, требуется решить задачу аналитического определения ударной вязкости для всех зон сварного соединения. В настоящей статье представлен инженерный метод оценки ударной вязкости, применимый для любой зоны сварного соединения, в которой имеется острый или особый концентратор напряжений – трещина. Разработанный аналитический метод расчета ударной вязкости отражает качественную и количественную картину взаимосвязи структурно-механических характеристик и работы развития трещины в диапазоне температур 77…300 К. Предложенная схематизация зависимости критического коэффициента интенсивности напряжений от температуры позволила найти коэффициенты, характеризующие свойства материала, и выполнить расчеты изменения предела текучести и предела прочности от температуры эксплуатации. Построены графики зависимости работы развития трещины от температуры эксплуатации для сталей 15ГС и 17ГС, сравнение которых с экспериментальными данными показывает удовлетворительное согласование. Найдено, что при напряжениях предела выносливости отношение работы развития трещины к критической длине трещины постоянно, не зависит от температуры и для сталей 15ГС и 17ГС равно около 10. Ключевые слова: ударная вязкость, работа разрушения, коэффициент интенсивности напряжений, трещина, феррито-перлитная сталь, зона термического влияния. For welded structures under operation in the Far North, attention must be paid to the performance of welded joints at low temperatures. The properties of metal of welded joints are changed in the process of treatment, its toughness decreases, and a heterogeneous structure with a large range of different grain sizes is formed. In order to evaluate and be able to correctly control the thermal effect and the consequences of the welding process, it is necessary to solve the problem of analytical determination of impact strength for all zones of the welded joint. The paper presents an engineering method for evaluation of the impact strength applicable to any area of the welded joint in which there is a sharp or super sharp stress concentrator – a crack. The developed analytical method for calculating the impact strength reflects a qualitative and quantitative codependency of structural and mechanical characteristics and the process of crack development in the temperature range of 77–300 K. The proposed schematization of dependence of the critical coefficient of stress intensity on the temperature made it possible to find coefficients characterizing the properties of the material and to perform calculations of changes in yield strength and tensile strength on operating temperature. Graphs of the crack development process dependency on the operating temperature for 15ГС and 17ГС steels were constructed, and their comparison with experimental data displays satisfactory agreement. It was found that at endurance limit stresses, the ratio of the crack development process to the critical crack length is constant, non-dependent on temperature, and is equal to 10 for 15ГС and 17ГС steels. Keywords: impact strength, fracture work, stress intensity factor, crack, ferrite-pearlite steel, heat affected zone, steel tempering.

Scale Development: Measuring Job-Family Incivility

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
W G S Mahalekamge ◽  
Nilakshi W K Galahitiyawe
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Workplace Incivility ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Compound Effect

The main contribution of this paper is the development of the job-family incivility scale. This paper seeks to explore the complex inter-relationships between workplace incivility and family incivility dimensions of job-family incivility by examining the dynamic processes by which job-family incivility is initiated and sustained using a scale development approach. In doing so, the paper highlights the absence of valid and reliable measures that estimate the compound effect of workplace incivility and family incivility – referred to as job-family incivility. A scale development process introduced by Quazi et al. (2016) is presented and stages in the construction of the scale are discussed including measures of validity and reliability. The findings of the study demonstrate the validity and reliability of the job-family incivility scale developed by the current researchers. The main aims of this research are to emphasize the impact of workplace incivility and family incivility on the employees in the work environment, and to discuss the techniques that can be used to mitigate such detrimental activities.

On the devaluation of expert opinion or why do we need a law about the basics of expert activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
MARAT R. BIKTIMIROV ◽  
◽  
OLGA V. PILIPENKO ◽  
MAXIM S. SAFONOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Industrial Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Creative Construction

Taking practical responsible decisions in the field of social and industrial management in the context of rapid development of digital technologies in the era of the knowledge economy is impossible without reliance on expertise. A kind of organization of activities for the production of ‘predictions’ is required, when not only an accurate assessment of the impact of certain factors and their possible interactions with each other is given, but also as a result of creative construction of scenarios for the development of processes and events, an understanding comes which factors need to be taken into account. At the same time, the expertise constantly faces criticism, calling the conclusions of experts arbitrary, unreliable and subjective. Often, expertise is confused with monitoring, evaluation, diagnosis, inspection or counseling. The authors of the article carried out a structural analysis of the content of the expertise processes in the project management vector in the digitalization era and came to the conclusion that the effectiveness of the expertise is significantly increased in case of clear regulation of this type of activity, providing the necessary status.

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