Pharmacognostical Studies and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Spinacia oleracea

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an edible flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae native to central and western Asia. Its leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Spinach has a high nutritional value because it is a rich source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, magnesium, manganese, iron , riboflavin vitamin B6, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber. Pharmacognostic standardization, physicochemical evaluation of the Leaves of Spinacia oleracea was carried out to determine its macro-and microscopical characters and also total ash, insoluble ash, alcohol- and water-soluble extractive values were determined for phytochemical evaluations. Preliminary phytochemical screening was also done to detect different phytoconstituents. The Proximate analysis of powder was also carried out in which extractive value, ash value, foreign matter, loss on drying were determined and also successive solvent extraction was carried out using soxhlet extractor in which ethanol was used. Aqueous extract was also carried out by maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various successive extracts of leaves was done qualitatively which revealed the presence of phytosterol, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins and amino acids.

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Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Whole Plant of Pavonia odorata Willd.

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20210849 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 359-364

Author(s):

Neethu Krishnan .S. ◽

Meera Bhaskaran ◽

Mohammed Shihab K K

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Transverse Section ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Whole Plant ◽

The Family ◽

Physicochemical Evaluation ◽

Plant Drugs ◽

Physicochemical Constants

Pavonia odorata Willd. belonging to the family Malvaceae is well known for curing a variety of diseases. This study deals with the Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Pavonia odorata Willd. The plant is widely used as a cooling, diaphoretic, diuretic, and demulcent. It is also prescribed as an astringent and tonic for fever, inflammation and hemorrhage. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation of the whole plant. The transverse section of root, stem and leaves were performed. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (4.45%), acid insoluble ash (0.754%), water soluble ash (6%), sulphated ash (6. 5%), nitrated ash (1.65%), hot extraction(10.22%), water soluble extractive (9.2%), ethanol soluble extractive (4.8%), ether soluble extractive (1.2%), loss on drying (25%), swelling index(1) and mucilage content(0.25%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, mucilage and flavonoids. The study helps in the development of standard parameters of the plant which help the identification and authentication of the plant. Keywords: Pavonia odorata Willd., Pharmacognostical, phytochemical evaluation, Medicinal plant drugs, ethnomedicine.

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Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of Piper Longum L.

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20210860 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 440-449

Author(s):

Fathima Suman P ◽

Minhaj . ◽

I Arthi

Keyword(s):

Water Soluble ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Plant Identification ◽

Piper Longum ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Physicochemical Evaluation ◽

Physicochemical Constants

This study deals with the Pharmacognostical physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the whole plant of Piper longum L. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (10.8%), acid insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.2%), sulphated ash (12%), nitrated ash (1.85%), hot extraction (11.2%), water soluble extractive (4.8%), ethanol soluble extractive (12.4%), ether soluble extractive (5.6%), loss on drying (29%), swelling index (0.33) and mucilage content (0.8%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, mucilage, starch, steroid and flavonoids. This study helps to development of different standard parameters of the plant which help the plant identification and authentication. Keywords: Piper longum L., Whole plant, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Extract.

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Phytoconstituent of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i230385 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 165-175

Author(s):

O. E. Ezim ◽

F. Idih

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Standard Methods ◽

High Fibre

Allanblackia floribunda seed is one of the underutilized and under-exploited seeds in Nigeria, it is a flowering plant in the clusiaceae family that has been used over the years in folk medicine especially in managing hypertension in Africa. This study seeks to evaluate the phytoconstituents of Allanblackia floribunda. Qualitative phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and volatile compounds present in the seeds were evaluated using standard methods. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and saponins in the seeds. The result from the proximate compositions showed that the seed had high fibre (4.21%), lipid (10.46%), protein (19.25%), and carbohydrate (61.26%) contents. The GCMS result revealed the presence of compounds with medicinal and nutritional potentials, among these compounds are caryophyllene (13.228%) and oleic acid (2.021%). This study revealed that an Allanblackia floribunda seed has phytoconstituent with nutritional and medicinal importance.

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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v24i2pp350-354 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

GITA MISHRA ◽

HEMESHWER KUMAR CHANDRA ◽

NISHA SAHU ◽

SATENDRA KUMAR NIRALA ◽

MONIKA BHADAURIA

Keyword(s):

Reducing Sugars ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

The Family ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Antioxidant Evaluation ◽

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Pergularia daemia belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, known to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity. Aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root parts of P. daemia . Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated by standard methods. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of P. daemia showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloid, phytosterol, carbohydrate, phenol, saponin, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids proteins and reducing sugars. Quantitative analysis showed polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonone, flavone and flavonol in P. daemia leaves, stem and root in considerable quantity. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. daemia clearly demonstrated that leaf, stem and root parts have prominent antioxidant properties and was effective in scavenging free radicals.

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Phytochemical Investigation of New Algerian Lichen Species: Physcia Mediterranea Nimis

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26041121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 1121

Author(s):

Marwa Kerboua ◽

Monia Ali Ahmed ◽

Nsevolo Samba ◽

Radhia Aitfella-Lahlou ◽

Lucia Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Foods ◽

Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽

Diphenyl Ether ◽

Lichen Species ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Mediterranean Species ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Phytochemical Investigation ◽

The Family ◽

Nmr Techniques

The present study provides new data concerning the chemical characterisation of Physcia mediterranea Nimis, a rare Mediterranean species belonging to the family Physciaceae. The phytochemical screening was carried out using GC-MS, HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, and NMR techniques. Hot extraction of n-hexane was carried out, followed by separation of the part insoluble in methanol: wax (WA-hex), from the part soluble in methanol (ME-hex). GC-MS analysis of the ME-hex part revealed the presence of methylbenzoic acids such as sparassol and atraric acid and a diterpene with a kaurene skeleton which has never been detected before in lichen species. Out of all the compounds identified by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, sixteen compounds are common between WA-hex and ME-hex. Most are aliphatic fatty acids, phenolic compounds and depsides. The wax part is characterised by the presence of atranorin, a depside of high biological value. Proton 1H and carbon 13C NMR have confirmed its identification. Atranol, chloroatranol (depsides compound), Ffukinanolide (sesquiterpene lactones), leprolomin (diphenyl ether), muronic acid (triterpenes), and ursolic acid (triterpenes) have also been identified in ME-hex. The results suggested that Physcia mediterranea Nimis is a valuable source of bioactive compounds that could be useful for several applications as functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

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Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Nutritional Value of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyces as Revealed by NMR Metabolomics

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26061675 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1675

Author(s):

Sengnolotha Marak ◽

Elena Shumilina ◽

Nutan Kaushik ◽

Eva Falch ◽

Alexander Dikiy

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽

Nmr Metabolomics ◽

Polar Metabolites ◽

2D Nmr Spectra ◽

Plant Processing

Red mature calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa were collected from 16 different locations in Meghalaya, India. Samples were processed using shade drying (SD) and tray drying (TD). NMR spectroscopy was used to assess the metabolic composition of the calyces. In this study, 18 polar metabolites were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and 10 of them were quantified. Proximate analysis showed that the TD method is more efficient at reducing moisture and maintaining the ash content of the Hibiscus biomass. NMR metabolomics indicates that the metabolite composition significantly differs between SD and TD samples and is more stable in TD plant processing. The differences in post-harvest drying has a greater impact on the metabolite composition of Hibiscus than the plant location.

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Evaluation of the Potential Toxicity of the Starch from the Shoot of Borassus Aethiopum Mart in Wistar Rats

Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/njpr.v17i1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

F.Y. Tata ◽

S.A. Francis ◽

S. J. Madu ◽

H.A. Sa’ab ◽

M.A. Abdulrazaq

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Potential Toxicity ◽

Group I ◽

The Family ◽

Relative Organ Weight ◽

Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽

Oecd Guideline ◽

Borassus Aethiopum

Background: The shoot of Borassus aethiopum is cultivated and consumed in Northern Nigeria. Its starch has been investigated for use in pharmaceutical formulation but have limited studies on its toxicity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. The plant Borassus aethiopum Mart belongs to the family Aracaceae, commonly known as the African Fan Palm. The shoot of the plant is commonly referred to as “Muruchi” in Hausa and is widely available and edible.Objective: This experimental research was designed to examine the potential toxicity of the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum in acute and subacute studies using Wistar rats.Material and Methods: Fresh shoots of Borassus aethiopum were obtained, washed, peeled and grinded using mechanical grinder. The starch was extracted using water. Acute toxicity was carried out using OECD guideline 425. Healthy rats of both sexes were randomly grouped into four groups of six rats each (n=6) for the 28-days oral toxicity study. Distilled water was administered at the dose of 2ml/kg to group I which served as the control while groups II, III and IV were orally administered the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum at the doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg daily for 28 days respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 28-days at which the blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture into plain and EDTA-containing tubes for biochemical and haematological analyses respectively. The liver, kidney, heart and spleen were excised, weighed and examined macroscopically.Results: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrate. The acute toxicity (LD50) of Borassus aethiopum was found to be greater than 4000 mg/kg body weight. No notable and significant changes in the relative organ weight as well as the levels of the renal and hematological biomarkers when compared with the control. However, there was significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum showed some evidence of potential toxicity on the liver but did not affect the renal and haematological parameters.

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Comparative morphological, anatomical, micromorphological, and palynological studies on the genera Opopanax and Crenosciadium (Apiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.372.1.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 372 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ÖZLEM ÇETIN ◽

MUSTAFA ÇELIK

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Pollen Morphology ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Monotypic Genus ◽

Western Asia ◽

The Family ◽

Surface Ornamentation ◽

Fruit Surface

In the present study, morphological, micromorphological, palynological and anatomical characteristics of the genera Opopanax and Crenosciadium are reviewed and compared. The genus Opopanax is distributed in southern Europe, the Mediterranean region and Western Asia, and it is represented by three species in Turkey. Crenosciadium is a poorly known monotypic genus from Turkey, recently treated as synonym in Opopanax. Expanded descriptions, phenology, geographic distributions, and images of habitus of Opopanax and Crenosciadium are given. The differences between the two genera are discussed. The pollen morphology of Opopanax and Crenosciadium is studied by SEM and LM. The palynological results confirmed the stenopalynous characteristic of the family Apiaceae, and revealed that the pollen grains of both genera are perprolate in shape. Also fruit surface ornamentation of both genera is typically striate, and epidermal cells are polygonal or elongated in one direction. Cross-sections of mature fruits are examined and a detailed anatomical description is presented. Mericarp shape and width are very useful characters for discrimination between Opopanax and Crenosciadium; mericarp ribs are also very significant characteristics to discriminate both genera. Our findings, together with previous molecular data, clearly indicate that Crenosciadium differs considerably from Opopanax, and therefore it should be accepted at genus rank.

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