Evaluation of the Potential Toxicity of the Starch from the Shoot of Borassus Aethiopum Mart in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
F.Y. Tata ◽  
S.A. Francis ◽  
S. J. Madu ◽  
H.A. Sa’ab ◽  
M.A. Abdulrazaq
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Family ◽  
Relative Organ Weight ◽  
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Oecd Guideline ◽  
Borassus Aethiopum

Background: The shoot of Borassus aethiopum is cultivated and consumed in Northern Nigeria. Its starch has been investigated for use in pharmaceutical formulation but have limited studies on its toxicity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. The plant Borassus aethiopum Mart belongs to the family Aracaceae, commonly known as the African Fan Palm. The shoot of the plant is commonly referred to as “Muruchi” in Hausa and is widely available and edible.Objective: This experimental research was designed to examine the potential toxicity of the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum in acute and subacute studies using Wistar rats.Material and Methods: Fresh shoots of Borassus aethiopum were obtained, washed, peeled and grinded using mechanical grinder. The starch was extracted using water. Acute toxicity was carried out using OECD guideline 425. Healthy rats of both sexes were randomly grouped into four groups of six rats each (n=6) for the 28-days oral toxicity study. Distilled water was administered at the dose of 2ml/kg to group I which served as the control while groups II, III and IV were orally administered the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum at the doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg daily for 28 days respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 28-days at which the blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture into plain and EDTA-containing tubes for biochemical and haematological analyses respectively. The liver, kidney, heart and spleen were excised, weighed and examined macroscopically.Results: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrate. The acute toxicity (LD50) of Borassus aethiopum was found to be greater than 4000 mg/kg body weight. No notable and significant changes in the relative organ weight as well as the levels of the renal and hematological biomarkers when compared with the control. However, there was significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum showed some evidence of potential toxicity on the liver but did not affect the renal and haematological parameters.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic (28-day) Oral Toxicity Studies on the Film Formulation of k-Carrageenan and Konjac Glucomannan for Soft Capsule Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Sutrisni ◽  
Sundani Soewandhi ◽  
I Adnyana ◽  
Lucy Sasongko
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Konjac Glucomannan ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Relative Organ Weight ◽  
Film Formulation ◽  
Safe Dose

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of a film formulation that combines κ-Carrageenan and konjac glucomannan for soft capsule application. For the acute toxicity study, a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the film suspension was administered orally to rats. The animals were observed for toxic symptoms and mortality daily for 14 days. In a subchronic toxicity study, the film suspension, at doses of 10, 30 and 75 mg/kg bw for 28 days, were orally administered to rats. After 28 days, the rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical and histological examination. In the acute toxicity study, neither signs of toxicity nor death among the rats were observed for up to 14 days of the experimental period. The results of the subchronic toxicity study show that there were no significant changes observed in the hematology and organ histology. Some alterations to the relative organ weight and blood biochemistry were observed, but they were considered to be temporary effects and not an indication of toxic effects. The overall findings of this study indicate that the film formulation of κ-Carrageenan and konjac glucomannan is non-toxic up to a dose of 75 mg/kg bw, which could be considered a safe dose for soft capsule application.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ACUTE TOXICITY OF HEPTOPLUS IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
M. Sankar ◽  
Johanna Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ld50 Value

Objective: To evaluate acute toxicity of Heptoplus (polyherbal drug) in Sprague-Dawley rats and to identify the active ingredients of the herbal drug.Methods: Heptoplus was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint profile of herbal drug was documented. OECD guideline 423-Acute toxic class method was followed to evaluate the oral toxicity of Heptoplus in Sprague-Dawley rats. In acute toxicity studies, Group I (control) rats received 0.5% of carboxymethyl cellouse (Vehicle). Group II rats received 2000 mg/kg b. w of Heptoplus. The rats were observed on the day of dosing and thereafter for 14 d, for any toxic effect. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Heptoplus revealed total phenol, flavonoid, carbohydrate, and tannins as its major constituents. The total phenol and flavonoid content of Heptoplus was found to be 170 μg of gallic acid and 162 μg of quercetin equivalent. HPTLC analysis proved that phyllanthin is an active compound of Heptoplus. Acute oral toxicity assays showed Heptoplus administration did not result in any treatment-related mortality, abnormal clinical signs, and loss of body weight or gross pathological changes in rats. Hence, LD50 value of Heptoplus was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg b. wt.Conclusion: Heptoplus contain phyllanthin as an active ingredient. LD50 value of Heptoplus was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg b. wt.

scholarly journals Toxicity Studies of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth Leaf Extract in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
M. M. Onakpa
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Striga hermonthica is a ubiquitous hemi-parasitic plant commonly known as witch-weed and is used in West Africa as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of an array of diseases. In this study, methanol leaf extract of S. hermonthica was used to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity effects in male Wistar rats. In the acute toxicity studies, Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising of negative control and extract treated groups (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg of extract orally). The rats were observed for 72 hours while in the sub-acute oral toxicity studies, the rats were divided into 4 groups consisting of 5 rats per group. The extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg daily for 28 days to groups II, III and IV respectively while group I (negative control) received 2 ml of distilled water. The dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in the treated rats during the acute and subacute toxicity studies did not show any treatment-related abnormalities in the hematological (RBC, Hb, WBC, Lymphocytes) and biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP, TB, Glucose, HDL, LDL, Total protein, Albumin) parameters while the liver revealed lesions in the histopathology studies, there were no treatment-related lesions observed in the heart, lungs, pancreas and kidney whereas, the weight of rats did not show significant difference (p > 0.05) between the control and the treated groups. The study showed that S. hermonthica caused hepatotoxicity and could be potentially harmful for use. A more comprehensive research is recommended to investigate on its safe use and mode of action.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) on Liver and Kidney of Switzerland Mice

Sains Medika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astika Widy Utomo ◽  
Neni Susilaningsih ◽  
Desy Armalina
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Introduction: The soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) has widely been used as traditional medicine for cancer. No studies have been conduct to investigate the safety of the extract. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity test of soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) on Swiss mice’s liver and kidney.Methods: Twenty four mice were divided into 4 groups. Group I was control group, while group II-IV was given soursoup leaves extract as single dose orally via sonde. The mice were obsereved until day 7 to determine the LD50 and at the end were terminated to collect the liver and kidney. The organs later were made into histopathology slides. The slides read with light microscope. The data analyzed with ANOVA and was considered significant at p<0.05.Results: All mice were alive during the 7 days observation and no mice showing the toxic spectrum after the dosing. Microscopically, no damage on the liver and kidney organ among the groups.Conclusion: The LD50 of soursoup leaves extract is more than 2000 mg/kgBW. This result indicate that the extract is practically non toxic and do not damage the liver and kidney.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
GITA MISHRA ◽  
HEMESHWER KUMAR CHANDRA ◽  
NISHA SAHU ◽  
SATENDRA KUMAR NIRALA ◽  
MONIKA BHADAURIA
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Pergularia daemia belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, known to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity. Aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root parts of P. daemia . Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated by standard methods. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of P. daemia showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloid, phytosterol, carbohydrate, phenol, saponin, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids proteins and reducing sugars. Quantitative analysis showed polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonone, flavone and flavonol in P. daemia leaves, stem and root in considerable quantity. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. daemia clearly demonstrated that leaf, stem and root parts have prominent antioxidant properties and was effective in scavenging free radicals.

Acute toxicity of an insecticidal little containing ivermectin and fipronil for white mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
Natalia A. Sennikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Veterinary Entomology ◽  
Russian Research

Toxicological assessment is a mandatory research step in the development of new insecticidal drugs. At the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, a prototype of the insecticidal bait Mukhnet IF was obtained with an active ingredient content of 0.06% ivermectin and 0.015% fipronil, which showed a highly effective effect against houseflies. This work presents the results of the study of acute oral toxicity of the above agent. For this, male white mice with a live weight of 16-26 g were selected. They were kept on a starvation diet for one day in individual houses with water. The drug was given in mg/kg body weight the next day. A total of 33 doses have been tested, ranging from 100 mg/kg to 40,000 mg/kg. The animals were observed for 14 days. According to the research results, it was revealed that at doses up to 20,000 mg/kg there were no signs of intoxication, but when tested at 25,000 mg/kg in some mice, these signs were noted, and at 30,000, 35,000 and 40,000 mg/kg deaths were recorded 20±10, 45±30 and 60±20%, respectively. It was not possible to test the drug over the last above dose due to incomplete eaten by mice. According to the degree of danger for warm-blooded animals, the drug belongs to the 4th class of low-hazard drugs (average lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg or more) in accordance with the classification of GOST 12.1.007-76. When analyzing the literature data on the toxicological characteristics of preparations containing ivermectin and chlorfenapyr, it was revealed that the insecticidal agent in its acute toxicity for warm-blooded animals is comparable to known analogues.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Investigation of New Algerian Lichen Species: Physcia Mediterranea Nimis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Marwa Kerboua ◽  
Monia Ali Ahmed ◽  
Nsevolo Samba ◽  
Radhia Aitfella-Lahlou ◽  
Lucia Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Mediterranean Species ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nmr Techniques

The present study provides new data concerning the chemical characterisation of Physcia mediterranea Nimis, a rare Mediterranean species belonging to the family Physciaceae. The phytochemical screening was carried out using GC-MS, HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, and NMR techniques. Hot extraction of n-hexane was carried out, followed by separation of the part insoluble in methanol: wax (WA-hex), from the part soluble in methanol (ME-hex). GC-MS analysis of the ME-hex part revealed the presence of methylbenzoic acids such as sparassol and atraric acid and a diterpene with a kaurene skeleton which has never been detected before in lichen species. Out of all the compounds identified by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, sixteen compounds are common between WA-hex and ME-hex. Most are aliphatic fatty acids, phenolic compounds and depsides. The wax part is characterised by the presence of atranorin, a depside of high biological value. Proton 1H and carbon 13C NMR have confirmed its identification. Atranol, chloroatranol (depsides compound), Ffukinanolide (sesquiterpene lactones), leprolomin (diphenyl ether), muronic acid (triterpenes), and ursolic acid (triterpenes) have also been identified in ME-hex. The results suggested that Physcia mediterranea Nimis is a valuable source of bioactive compounds that could be useful for several applications as functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu (Siddha herbal syrup formulation) in animal model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sundaram Malayappan ◽  
Gayathri Natarajan ◽  
Logamanian Mockaiyathevar ◽  
Meenakumari Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gross Pathology ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Abstract Objectives Madhulai Manappagu – a well-known sastric and widely prescribed Siddha herbal syrup formulation indicated for treating Veluppu Noi (Anaemia especially Iron deficiency Anaemia) has been in day today practice in Tamil Nadu for a quite longer decades. The syrup is a herbal preparation which has a sweet pleasant odour and a palatable taste, contain the juice of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as the main ingredient. Though the formulation is a fruit juice, the safety profile of the syrup is not established and is being marketed without toxicological evaluation. The study is aimed at ascertaining the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu in Wistar Albino rats. Methods The acute and sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies were performed as per the guidelines mentioned in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 (adopted on December 2001) and TG 407 (adopted on October 2008) with slight modifications respectively. For acute toxicity study, three female rats were randomly selected as control; three female rats were randomly selected and were administered a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. For sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies, three doses of test drug MM of 500 mg/kg/day (low dose), 750 mg/kg/day (intermittent dose) and 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dose) were selected for administration. Both sexes of Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each (five males, five females). Group I was kept as control group. Group II, III and IV served as low, intermittent and high doses of MM respectively. Animals were observed for mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, feed and water intake. Haematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight and histopathological examination were performed. Results In the acute toxicity study, rats showed no toxicological signs on behavior, gross pathology and body weight of rats when treated with a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. In the subacute (28 days repeated oral) toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes on behavior, gross pathology, body weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters when treated with Madhulai Manappagu in three different doses. Conclusions The toxicity studies which include both acute and 28 days repeated (subacute) oral toxicity studies, revealed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Madhulai Manappagu in animals. Thus the safety of the drug in human usage was ensured.

scholarly journals Chemopreventive role of Coriandrum sativum against gentamicin-induced renal histopathological damage in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Lakhera ◽  
Aditya Ganeshpurkar ◽  
Divya Bansal ◽  
Nazneen Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Oecd Guideline ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Abstract Drug induced nephrotoxicity is one of the most common causes of renal failure. Gentamicin belongs to aminoglycosides, which elicit nephrotoxic potential. Natural antioxidants from plants demonstrate a number of biotherapeutic activities. Coriander is an important medicinal plant known for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, carminative, digestive and antihelminthic potential. This study was designed to investigate whether the extract of Coriandrum sativum ameliorates the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Dried coriander powder was coarsely grinded and subjected to defatting by petroleum ether and further with ethyl acetate. The extract was filtered and subjected to phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies. Acute toxicity in Wistar rats was determined by the OECD Guideline (423). Animals were divided into four groups. The first group served as positive control, while the second group was toxic control (gentamicin treated). The third and fourth group were treated with the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg gentamicin). After 8 days, the animals were sacrificed and biochemical and histopathological studies were carried out. Phytochemical screening of the extract demonstrated Coriandrum sativum to be rich in flavonoids, polyphenolics and alkaloids. Results of acute toxicity suggested the use of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for Coriandrum sativum in the study. Coriandrum sativum extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01) decreased creatinine levels in the animals, along with a decrease in serum urea and blood urea nitrogen. Treatment with Coriandrum sativum extract ameliorated renal histological lesions. It is concluded that Coriandrum sativum is a potential source of nephroprotective phytochemical activity, with flavonoids and polyphenols as the major components.

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