1445 Commercial ground corn surface area is better related to rumen disappearance than geometric mean particle size

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills (Model: 4330–6, Andritz Feed & Biofuel, Muncy,PA) measuring 1-m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 tip speeds (3,774, 4,975, and 6,176 m/min), 3 screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9 and 6.3 mm), and 3 air flow rates (1,062, 1,416, and 1,770 fan RPM). Corn was ground on 3 separate days to create 3 replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with grinding run serving as the experimental unit and day serving as the block. There was a 3-way interaction for standard deviation (Sgw), (linear screen hole diameter × linear hammer tip speed × linear air flow, P = 0.029). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (P < 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (P < 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (P < 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3,774 to 6,176 m/min the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm resulting in a 67, 111, and 254 µm decrease in dgw for corn ground using the 2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm screen hole diameter, respectively. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.

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Biases Associated with Four Stream Substrate Samplers

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f91-223 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 1882-1886 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michael K. Young ◽

Wayne A. Hubert ◽

Thomas A. Wesche

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

The Other ◽

Substrate Composition ◽

Mean Particle Size ◽

Core Samples ◽

Freeze Core ◽

Single Probe ◽

Core Sampler ◽

Stream Substrate

We compared samples collected from 10 substrates of various compositions with a single-probe freeze-core sampler, a triple-probe freeze-core sampler, a McNeil sampler, and a shovel. The accuracy with which these devices sampled particles larger than 50 mm in diameter varied; they were oversampled by the freeze-core devices, sampled in proportion to their availability by a shovel, and sampled inconsistently by the McNeil sampler. The geometric mean particle size and variance of single-probe freeze-core samples consistently exceeded those of samples collected with the other devices. Most sample means also exceeded the test substrate means. By excluding the proportions of particles larger than 50 mm in diameter in our analyses, we found that proportions of several particles sizes in samples collected by different methods differed significantly from the actual proportions in test substrates. There were few differences between the single- and triple-probe freeze-core samples or between McNeil and shovel samples. All four samplers were biased, but the McNeil sampler most frequently produced samples that approximated the true substrate composition.

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The State of Polydispersion of Hevea Latex. II.

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3543274 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 409-415

Author(s):

J. H. E. Hessels

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Surface Area ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

The State ◽

Rubber Industry ◽

Mean Particle Size ◽

Degree Of Dispersion ◽

The Mean ◽

In The Beginning

Abstract The influence of the degree of dispersion in latex on the composition and properties of the rubber was studied in detail by means of a series of latices, the mean particle size of which ranged from 1.1 to 0.15µ in diameter. These fractions were first obtained by centrifugation of preserved latex, and the degree of distribution was measured by photomicrographic analysis and by sedimentation. This method of fractionation yields latices and rubbers with compositions which differ widely. With decrease in the size of the particles, their surface area per unit of rubber increases, and the percentage of nonrubber components which is adsorbed irreversibly or which is dissolved in the serum increases greatly. On the contrary, the degree of polymerization decreases with decrease in the diameter of the particles. This may be explained by the fact that, in the beginning, the polymerization of the globules is relatively low, and that it progresses under the influence of a catalyst present in the serum. In brief, then, systematic dispersoidal analysis of Hevea latex is of prime importance in the plantation rubber industry.

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Cytoplasmic glycogen inclusions in cells of anaerobic gram-negative rumen bacteria

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m73-244 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 1501-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

K.-J. Cheng ◽

R. Hironaka ◽

D. W. A. Roberts ◽

J. W. Costerton

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Energy Content ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

High Energy ◽

Rumen Bacterium ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Mean Particle Size

Megasphaera elsdenii, an anaerobic rumen bacterium, produced intracellular polysaccharide granules varying in size from 0.05 to 0.15 μm during growth in batch culture. This polysaccharide material was purified and was found to contain D-glucose as the only reducing sugar. The polyglucose polymer was highly opalescent in aqueous solution and formed a strong reddish-brown iodine complex with a maximum absorbance at 493 nm. Its infrared spectrum had characteristic absorption bands at 8.70, 9.25, and 9.75 μm and was identical with that of the glycogen of enteric bacteria and beef liver. When these polysaccharide granules were observed with an electron microscope, they resembled the glycogen granules produced by Arthrobacter globiformis and Escherichia coli. These properties indicate that the polysaccharide was a type of glycogen. The yield of crude glycogen was 16.82% of the dry weight of late log-phase cells (14-h).The lysis of cells of M. elsdenii and other rumen bacteria that store polysaccharide granules inside the cells, in the rumen of cows fed a feed of fine-particle size (344 μm, geometric mean particle size) and high-energy content, may contribute to the high-carbohydrate level and high viscosity of the cell-free rumen fluid of these cows. Cows fed a coarse feed (519 μm, geometric mean particle size) of the same composition have rumens that contain few bacteria with polysaccharide granules. The cell-free rumen fluid of these cows has low viscosity and low-carbohydrate content.

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INFLUENCE OF FEED PARTICLE SIZE ONpH, CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT, AND VISCOSITY OF RUMEN FLUID

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas73-066 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 417-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

K.-J. CHENG ◽

R. HIRONAKA

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fine Particle ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Coarse Particle ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Mean Particle Size ◽

Fine Particle Size ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Carbohydrate Levels

Four fistulated cows were used to compare the rumen fluid properties produced from feeding all-concentrate feeds of fine (344 μ), or coarse (519 μ) geometric mean particle size, or alfalfa hay. A severe frothy condition developed in the rumens of cows fed the fine particle size feed but not in the rumens of cows fed the coarse or hay diets. The average viscosity of rumen fluid from cows fed hay was 7.4 centipoises (cP), about 14.7 cP when fed the coarse feed, and about 30.7 cP when fed the fine feed. After the cows became accustomed to their feed, rumen fluid pH declined from 6.5 to 5.6 when fed the fine particle feed and from 6.9 to 6.0 when fed the coarse. The rumen fluid from the cows fed the fine feed exhibited two viscosity maxima, between pH 5.5 and 5.8, and between pH 7.5 and 8.5, whereas the viscosity of the rumen fluid from the cows fed the coarse feed was not influenced by pH. Soluble carbohydrate levels were 650 μg/ml in the rumen fluid of cows fed the coarse-particle diet and over 1,000 μg/ml in that from cows fed the fine-particle feed. Cows fed hay had less than 300 μg/ml of soluble carbohydrate in the rumen fluid.

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Corn grain processing improves chemical composition and fermentative profile of rehydrated silage

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i1.42564 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 42564 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marlon Richard Hilário da Silva ◽

Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽

Mikael Neumann ◽

Milene Puntel Osmari

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Grain Processing ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Ground Corn ◽

Corn Grain

This study evaluated the effects of the rehydration and ensiling of corn grain with two geometric mean diameters (GMD) of 0.55 and 1.83 mm obtained by the diameter of the sieved used on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and six replications, as follows: rehydrated fine-corn grain silage (RFS) and rehydrated coarse-corn grain silage (RCS). Ground corn was rehydrated with water to achieve moisture levels close to 350 g kg-1. There was no effect on the dry matter recovery, though the recovery rate was high, with values greater than 97% in both silages. The particle size influenced the fiber content, with lower values in the RFS. The acetic and lactic acid concentrations were higher in the RFS, but the pH of the silages did not change. Oxygen exposure changed the pH of silages to 4.25 and 4.38 for RFS and RCS, respectively. After opening the silos, the silages showed high aerobic stability after 90 hours, which resulted in lower deterioration and lesser loss of quality. The geometric mean diameter of corn grain affects the silage fermentative profile and nutritional value.

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The effect of sieve agitators and dispersing agent on the method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an11124 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 69 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. R. Stark ◽

C. G. Chewning

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Standard Method ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Geometric Standard Deviation ◽

Gut Health ◽

Roller Mill ◽

Dispersing Agent ◽

Micron Diameter ◽

Dispersing Agents ◽

Ground Corn

Research in both swine and poultry continue to investigate the optimal particle size for growth and gut health. Although researchers have reported the methods used to determine the particle size of the grain in a study, most reports have not provided details of the actual procedure. Although the standard method suggested adding both agitators and dispersing agents to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves there has been limited research as to whether these modifiers significantly change the particle size value. Researchers, laboratories, and feed mills that analyse samples without sieve agitators or a dispersing agent could overestimate the particle size and underestimate the distribution of the particles of a sample. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding sieve agitators and dispersing agent to the ANSI/ASAE S319.3 FEB03 ‘Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving’. The first experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitator use and dispersing agent use on the geometric mean diameter (dgw) and geometric standard deviation (Sgw) of hammermill and roller mill corn samples. Whole corn was ground to produce samples that were classified as either coarse, medium, or fine. The second experiment evaluated the effect of sieve agitators, a dispersing agent, and the combination of agitators with a dispersing agent on dgw and Sgw of hammermill ground corn, wheat, and sorghum. The results of Expt 1 indicated that a decreased (P < 0.01) dgw resulted when agitators were added to the hammermill ground samples while a further decrease (P < 0.01) was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The largest decrease in dgw was observed due to the addition of the dispersing agent. The addition of agitators to the roller mill samples only decreased the dgw of the medium grind sample. The dispersing agent decreased (P < 0.01) the dgw of roller mill samples. The addition of a dispersing agent consistently decreased the dgw of all the ground corn samples as compared with the standard method without modifiers. The results of Expt 2 were consistent with those of Expt 1 in that the addition of the dispersing agent and agitators decreased dgw values and appeared to have an additive effect in both corn and sorghum samples. The addition of a dispersing agent facilitated the flow of product through the sieves. The wider distribution (Sgw) indicated that a greater percentage of material flowed to the smaller sieves. The results of the experiments clearly showed the benefit of adding sieve agitators and a dispersing agent to facilitate the flow of material through the sieves, so that a better estimate of the micron diameter and particle size distribution could be achieved.

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Evaluation of Hammermill Tip Speed, Air Assist and Screen Hole Diameter on Ground Corn Characteristics

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9101768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1768

Author(s):

Michaela Braun ◽

Haley Wecker ◽

Kara Dunmire ◽

Caitlin Evans ◽

Michael W. Sodak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Air Flow ◽

Hole Diameter ◽

Flow Index ◽

Air Flow Rate ◽

Screen Size ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Composite Flow ◽

Ground Corn

This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow, and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills measuring 1 m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with three tip speeds (3774, 4975, and 6176 m/min), three screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm), and three air flow rates (1062, 1416, and 1770 fan revolutions per minute). Corn was ground on three separate days to create three replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. There was a 3-way interaction (p = 0.029) for standard deviation (Sgw). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (p < 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (p < 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (p < 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3774 to 6176 m/min, the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn, but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.

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Different Ground Corn Particle Size in Supplements for Young Bulls Grazing During Intensive System Production

10.21203/rs.3.rs-544388/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lucien Bissi da Freiria ◽

Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽

Nelcino Francisco de Paula ◽

Mozart Alves Fonseca ◽

Luciana Keiko Hatamoto-Zervoudakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Starch Digestion ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ground Corn ◽

Corn Particle Size

Abstract We hypothesized that a decrease in flint corn particle size in the supplements of young bulls during grazing promotes better use of starch in the total gastrointestinal tract, with less starch lost in the feces, thus increasing growth performance. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplements with different ground corn particle sizes on the growth performance, economic analysis, intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients for beef cattle in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the rainy-dry transition season. Sixty-four Nelore bulls, with an average age of 16 months and 303.6 ± 18.0 kg of body weight (BW), were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments were WG = whole grain (geometric mean particle size, dgw, 6.262 µm); CG = coarse ground grain (dgw, 2.882 µm); MG = medium ground grain (dgw, 1.011 µm); and FG = fine ground grain (dgw, 0.621 µm). The supplements with ground grain or whole grain were similar (P > 0.05) in terms of intake and the digestibility of dry matter (DM), forage, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). However, the starch digestion in the total tract was higher (P < 0.05) with ground grain than with whole grain. The different geometric mean particle sizes of the grain in the supplements were not sufficient to alter (P > 0.05) the starch digestion in the total tract. The starch fecal concentration decreased with ground grain compared with that for whole grain (P < 0.05). However, no differences in growth performance were observed among the treatments (P > 0.05). Supplementation with CG promoted a slightly greater net revenue (+ 11.51%) and return per ha (+ 12.8%) compared with WG, while MG and FG yielded worse economic results. Therefore, CG showed higher economic performance and efficiency utilization of starch, suggesting it is a better strategy for providing supplements to young grazing bulls.

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Application of Plakett-Burman Screening Design in Optimization of Process Parameters for Formulation of Canaglifozin Nanosuspension

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.6.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 5208-5216

Author(s):

Nisha Patel ◽

Hitesh A Patel

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Pareto Chart ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Mean Particle Size ◽

Screening Design ◽

Stirring Time ◽

Response Variables

In this study, we sought to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble BCS class IV drug canaglifozin, by preparing nanosuspension using media milling method. A Plackett–Burman screening design was employed to screen the significant formulation and process variables. A total of 12 experiment were generated by design expert trial version 12 for screening 5 independent variables namely the amount of stabilizer in mg (X1), stirring time in hr (X2), amt of Zirconium oxide beads in gm (X3), amount of drug in mg (X4) and stirring speed in rpm (X5) while mean particle size in nm (Y1) and drug release in 10 min. were selected as the response variables. All the regression models yielded a good fit with high determination coefficient and F value. The Pareto chart depicted that all the independent variables except the amount of canaglifozin had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the response variables. The mathematical model for mean particle size generated from the regression analysis was given by mean particle size = +636.48889 -1.28267 amt of stabilizer(X1) -4.20417 stirring time (X2) -7.58333 amt of ZrO2 beads(X3) -0.105556 amt of drug(X4) -0.245167 stirring speed(X5) (R2=0.9484, F ratio=22.07, p<0.001). Prepared canaglifozin nanosuspension exemplified a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the release as compared to pure canaglifozin and marketed tablet with the optimum formulation releasing almost 80% drug within first 10min. Optimized nanosuspension showed spherical shape with surface oriented stabilizer molecules and a mean particle diameter of 120.5 nm. There was no change in crystalline nature after formulation and it was found to be chemically stable with high drug content.

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