The Apparent Digestibility of Prairie Hay of Variable Protein Content, with Some Observations of Fecal Nitrogen Excretion by Steers in Relation to Their Dry Matter Intake

1948 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willis D. Gallup ◽  
H. M. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen

THE ENDOGENOUS URINARY AND METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETIONS OF NEWBORN DAIRY CALVES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Daily observations were made on the fecal and urinary nitrogen excretions of four calves fed nitrogen-free diets during the second and fifth weeks after birth. The endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion was equivalent to 65.3 mg. per kg. of body weight (W) per day or 186 mg. per kg. W0.72. The metabolic fecal nitrogen excretion averaged 44.0 mg. per kg. of body weight per day or 0.334 per cent of the dry matter intake.

THE METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION OF THE PIG AS INFLUENCED BY THE AMOUNT OF FIBRE IN THE RATION AND BY BODY WEIGHT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Fecal Nitrogen

Nitrogen balance experiments were carried out with growing Yorkshire barrows to determine the influence of level of fibre (5, 10, and 15 per cent wood cellulose) in the ration, and weight of pig (15, 30, 45, and 60 kg.) on the metabolic fecal nitrogen (M.F.N.) excretion. Semi-synthetic rations containing 0.3, 5.4, 9.4, 14.0, 18.0, and 22.0 per cent protein were fed. The source of the protein was a mixture of wheat, skimmilk powder, and fishmeal. M.F.N. by direct determination on the protein-low ration (0.3 per cent protein) was compared with M.F.N. determined by extrapolation to zero protein from the other rations.An increase in the level of fibre in the ration significantly (p < 0.01) increased the M.F.N. excretion and decreased the apparent and true digestibility of the protein but had no effect on the biological value (B.V.) of the protein. As the pigs increased in weight from 15 to 50 kg., the M.F.N. excretion, per 100 gm. dry matter (D.M.) consumed, decreased in proportion to the 0.3 power of body weight, the apparent digestibility of the protein increased, and the B.V. of the protein decreased. M.F.N, per 100 gm. D.M. consumed, apparent digestibility, and B.V. of the protein did not change significantly between body weights of 50 and 65 kg.There was no significant difference between M.F.N. determined by extrapolation to zero N intake and M.F.N. determined directly by feeding a protein-low (0.3 per cent protein) ration, when the rations contained the same percentage of cellulose. The M.F.N. (gm. per 100 gm. D.M. intake) for pigs weighing an average 37 kg. was 0.10, 0.13 and 0.14 for rations containing 5, 10, and 15 per cent cellulose, respectively.Since weight of pig and the level of fibre in the ration significantly influenced the M.F.N. excretion, the latter should be determined, either directly or by extrapolation, using rations of the same fibre content and pigs of the same body weight as are used in determining the true digestibility and B.V. of proteins.

Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Drori ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

Studies on marsupial nutrition V. the nitrogen requirements of the euro, Macropus robustus

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown ◽  
A.R. Main
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of some female euros (Macropus robustus) were determined by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. The average minimum dietary nitrogen requirement for the maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium was 1.99 g/day or 309 mg/day per kgW*0.73. The metabolic faecal nitrogen output of the euros, determined indirectly, was estimated to be 0.27 g/100 g dry matter intake. The minimum digestible nitrogen requirements of the euros were 160 mg/day per kgW*0.73, equivalent to approximately 1 g digestible nitrogen per day. The minimum urinary nitrogen excretion of the euros, at dietary nitrogen intakes of approximately 1 g/day, was an average of 34 mg/day per kgW*0.73. Comparison of the results obtained with data for eutherian species reported in the literature indicates that the nitrogen requirements and urinary nitrogen excretion of this species is markedly less than that of eutherian species. The results are briefly discussed in relation to survival of the euro in the arid environment of the Pilbara district of Western Australia.

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: IV. The effect of crude fibre

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Equation

The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.It is shown that for normal average food-stuffs the effect is slight and that for all practical routine purposes the original equation will provide satisfactory estimates of the digestibility coefficient when only the crude-protein content of the dry feed is known.On the other hand, when exceptional feeds are encountered, particularly those in which the crudefibre/crude-protein relationship is abnormal, then more accurate estimates of the digestibility coefficient of crude protein can be obtained from the modified equation which is described above.

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: III. The application of the general equation to rations containing urea

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Urea Nitrogen

The digestibility of the crude-protein equivalent (N × 6·25) of rations containing urea conforms with the general equation, y = 70 log x − 15, correlating the dry-matter crude-protein content (x) with its coefficient of digestibility (y), irrespective of whether the urea nitrogen is absorbed as ammonium salts or converted to microbial protein prior to digestion.

Seasonal variation in intake and digestion of a high-roughage diet by muskoxen

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
P. F. Flood ◽  
R. K. Chaplin ◽  
J. A. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

We studied changes in body weight, intake, retention time and apparent digestibility of a supplemented brome-alfalfa hay by mature muskoxen held near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan during two seasonal cycles. Body weights and voluntary intake were monitored during 16 trials from late March 1990 to December 1991, in four annually breeding females and in three hysterectomized females. Retention time of the hay and apparent digestibility of the diet were estimated in winter and summer 1991 from fecal excretion of chromium (Cr) after a pulse dose of Cr-mordanted hay, and from forage/fecal concentrations of chromic oxide, respectively, in six non-breeding muskoxen. Mean (±SE) body weights of breeding females were greatest in February and March (248 ± 5 kg) and lowest following calving in late May or early June (216 ± 6 kg), while mean weight of hysterectomized females declined little from a peak of 228 ± 21 kg in February-March to a low of 213 ± 21 kg in July. Mean dry matter intake of breeding females was highest in July and August (62 ± 3.6 g d−1 kg−0.75) then declined slowly to its lowest point in March and April (41 ± 0.7 g d−1 kg−0.75). Dry matter intake of hysterectomized cows was less clearly seasonal but averaged 42 ± 1.7 g d−1 kg−0.75 in late winter and 50 ± 4.9 g d−1 kg−0.75 in mid-summer. Mean retention time of hay, calculated using a noncompartmental model, declined significantly from 114 ± 4 h in March to 95 ± 4 h in July. Apparent organic matter digestibility decreased significantly from 73.8 ± 0.8% in winter to 61.7 ± 1.3% in summer. Compared with other ruminants, muskoxen are grazers exceptionally well-suited to digesting graminoid forage, with relatively low maintenance requirements and prolonged retention times. Most of the seasonal changes in weight and intake of breeding females could be ascribed to reproductive cost, but there also appeared to be seasonal effects on intake, retention time and body weight in non-breeding muskoxen. Key words: Digestibility, intake, maintenance requirements, muskoxen, retention time, seasonal variation

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

THE DRY MATTER INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF WINTER WHEAT HARVESTED AS WHOLE CROP SILAGE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. R. LESSARD
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dough Stage

Wheat was harvested for silage at the milk, the soft dough and the firm dough stages of maturity and fed to lactating cows in a comparison with corn silage harvested at 30% dry matter. The protein content of the four silages ranged from 7 to 8.3%. The crude fiber content of the corn silage (22%) was lower than that of the three wheat silages ranging from 27.4% at the firm dough stage to 34.5% at the milk stage. Silage dry matter intake was highest for the firm dough wheat silage and lowest for the corn silage. However, there was no significant difference in milk yield or milk composition among the four silages. The higher intake of the firm dough silage compared to corn silage was compensated for by the tendency of higher digestibility of the corn silage. The rumen acetate content of the cows fed soft dough wheat silage was higher than for those fed corn silage and milk stage wheat silage, while the reverse was true for rumen propionate.

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