ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS ARE RELATED TO THE USE AND TRANSFER OF DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Boguslavskyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Export Controls ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Means Of Production

The article is devoted to the study of economic contradictions related to the use and transfer of dual-use goods and technologies. The article highlights different approaches to defining the categories «technology» and «dual-use technology». Types of dual-use technologies are outlined. The main economic contradictions related to the use and transfer of dual- use goods and technologies are identified: 1) contradictions related to the creation of new technologies that can be both useful in the civilian and military spheres; 2) contradictions related to the manufacture and use of dual-use goods; 3) Contradictions are related to the creation of new means of production that can be used both for the production of civilian goods and for CBRN; 4) contradictions in the use of technological processes for the civilian and military spheres; 5) contradictions related to the development of transport and improvement of methods of delivery of CBRN; 6) contradictions between the interests of economic development of different countries on the basis of the introduction of new technologies and non-proliferation of CBRN; 7) interstate political and economic contradictions regarding the CBRN; 8) contradictions between groups of countries and individual countries regarding the non-proliferation of CBRN; 9) contradictions related to environmental pollution in the process of manufacturing and testing of CBRN; 10) contradictions in the realization of economic and political interests between countries that have modern weapons of mass destruction and countries that do not possess these weapons; 11) contradictions regarding the protection of their national interests etc. The peculiarities of the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies in the modern economy are shown and it is determined that it acquires a network character. The need to apply export controls to the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies is emphasized.

scholarly journals Controlling the Export of Digital and Emerging Technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Machiko Kanetake
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Export Control ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Export Controls ◽  
The Us ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Abstract Dual-use export control regulates the trade of items which serve both civilian and military purposes. Justification for imposing export controls has been furnished by the need for safeguarding regional and international security, especially the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The rationale for applying export controls has been subject to challenges, however. This Security and Human Rights special issue addresses the underlying justification for imposing export controls by focusing on their technological fronts. Scott A. Jones’ piece sheds light on the regulatory challenges that have arisen for the US’ control over so-called “emerging” technologies. Cindy Whang moves on to compare the US’ approach with that of the EU’s dual-use export control. Ben Wagner proposes a set of policy options for the design of export controls on digital technologies, so that they can serve as an effective vehicle for promoting the protection of human rights.

scholarly journals Economics of Arms Trade: What Do We Know?

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Jan van Lieshout ◽  
Robert Beeres
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Research Type

AbstractTaking an economic perspective, and underpinned by a literature review, this chapter analyses the development of explicit sets of relationships between dependent and independent variables in the international arms trade from 1995 onwards. We distinguish five main categories within the markets of military and dual-use goods and services, comprising weapons of mass destruction, major weapon systems, small arms and light weapons, dual-use goods, and services. Per category, papers are ordered by research type and methodology. Based on our findings thus far, the final section of the chapter offers a research agenda for further studies.

scholarly journals Norm Exemption in States’ NPT Nuclear Disarmament Obligations

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Melly Masni
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapon ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Nuclear Nonproliferation ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Nuclear Disarmament ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
National Interests ◽  
International Norm ◽  
The World

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) is highly appreciated for its ability to stop further nuclear proliferation in the world.  Since its existence, this treaty has been said to be successful in preventing potential states from possessing weapons of mass destruction. At least, there are more than 40 states who have the capability to develop their own nuclear programmes, although such programmes are restrained from coming to fruition.  However, this successful story has not taken place in the area of nuclear disarmament. None of its nuclear weapon-owning members seem to proceed with realising a full disarmament aim. This raises the question of why the NPT is unable to achieve success in the field of nuclear disarmament as it has in the field of nuclear non-proliferation. The NPT does not only contain the idea of nuclear non-proliferation, but also the idea of nuclear disarmament. In understanding this question, using a political psychology approach, this study finds that nuclear-weapon states face the so-called moral dilemma between the desire to achieve national interests and the desire to fulfil social demands required by the international norm. By taking advantage of the shortcomings in the NPT narrative as well as relevant world situations, these states attempt to be exempted from dismantling nuclear weapons under their possession.

scholarly journals Features on Sale in Dual-Use Items

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Vasile Dinu ◽  
Cristina Lazar ◽  
Ion-Stelian Chihai
Keyword(s):  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
The Subject

Abstract This study addresses a very special issue, i.e. the import-export of those products, goods and technology that normally have civilian uses, but which, because of their nature, may also have military applications. In our opinion, the subject is particularly interesting since these products are related to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, we aimed at highlighting the most important aspects of the marketing standards and practices for the control on dual-use items, with reference to the national and international legal systems in the field. We used the latest bibliography, focusing on documentary sources for certain credibility.

Security through Disarmament: The Story of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Rydell
Keyword(s):  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Nuclear Disarmament ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Unilateral Action ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

AbstractThe world has been trying to eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMD) — nuclear, biological and chemical arms — for over half a century. Yet many such weapons remain, and progress in nuclear disarmament has been especially disappointing. The chronic failure to achieve agreed WMD disarmament mandates has prompted the creation of several independent international commissions to find some solutions. The WMD Commission created by Sweden in late 2003 was the latest such venture, and its 2006 report has received international acclaim. Chaired by Hans Blix, the Commission covered disarmament, non-proliferation and counter-terrorism issues, and did so from a variety of policy dimensions, from unilateral action through fully multilateral cooperation. Written by a member of the Commission's secretariat staff, this article tells the story of the Commission: how it conducted its work, what it proposed and what impacts it has had — and may yet have — in revitalizing WMD disarmament efforts.

scholarly journals Les contrôles américains sur les exportations stratégiques : historique et évolution

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-727
Author(s):  
André Martel ◽  
Albert Legault
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Export Controls ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Different Levels

A brief historical survey of the u.s. export controls on strategic goods indicate the importance of the Cold War in achieving these objectives as well as the importance of polycentrism across and within the institutions and agencies concerned. The proliferation of controls has brought about a large area of freedom for the implementation of foreign policy by the executive branch of the Government. After the end of the Cold War, one can surmise that the emphasis mil be felt at three different levels : a greater discretion by national actors in the implementation of export controls policy, a greater harmonization of multilateral efforts designed at promoting the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and greater cleavages between those who want to relax export controls for economic reasons and those who want to strengthen them for security reasons. On the whole, the multiplicity of legislative actions and organizations concerned can only reinforce the freedom of action of the executive branch of the Government.

Trade controls and non-proliferation: compliance costs, drivers and challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
International Market ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Export Controls ◽  
National Authority ◽  
Enabling Services ◽  
The Relationship

The private sector clearly has an increasingly important and well-defined role to play in slowing the flow of technology and preventing the provision of enabling services to states pursuing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and destabilising military capabilities. Exporters of proliferation-sensitive technology are frequently targeted by Iran and other countries. These countries are highly dependent on technology from the international market place to sustain their WMD and military programmes. Compliance with export controls only goes someway to ensuring that proliferation is prevented; a form of “over-compliance” is required to ensure that goods are not transferred to programmes of concern. This paper uses a significant quantity of primary data to consider the costs of compliance and over-compliance, the drivers for such processes, and the relationship between the national authority and firms and how this could be improved.

Exportkontrolle zwischen europäischen und nationalen Interessen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Bazan
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Export Control ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
European Trade ◽  
European Export

The European export control system of dual-use goods is a pillar in the fight against proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and for the protection of human rights. But who actually decides in the complex entanglement of national security interests, European trade policy and international prevention regimes which goods are allowed for export out of the European Union? In his study, which was awarded the “Aquila ascendens” knowledge prize of the DialogForum Sicherheitspolitik, Jonas Bazan analyses institutional power shifts in the European export control system and reveals whether a structural Europeanisation has taken place or whether the European institutions remain subordinate to national interests of the member states.

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