scholarly journals CHRONOLOGY OF WESTERN ASIAN AND TRANSCAUCASIAN ARTIFACTS SIMILAR TO THE FORE-CAUCASUS BRONZE ADORNMENTS OF THE FIRST HALF OF III MILLENNIUM BC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Ковалев
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
East European ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Absolute

В статье приведены данные об абсолютной хронологии комплексов Передней Азии и Закавказья, содержащих аналогии предкавказским бронзовым «украшениям» перв. пол. III тыс. до н. э. Наиболее ранние из них относятся к концу раннего – началу среднего Урука: это золотые кольцевидные и дисковидные медаль­оны без орнамента. Возможно, традиция изготовления этих ритуальных по своей сути предметов могла опосредованно повлиять на формирование традиции изготовления предкавказских кольцевидных и дисковидных медальонов. В комплексах позднего куро-аракса (около 2800–2600 гг. до н. э.) в Закавказье зафиксировано появление простейших стерженьковых подвесок, что может быть объяснено влиянием северных культур, где эти подвески получили широкое распространение с рубежа IV–III тыс. до н. э. О влиянии со стороны Предкавказья говорят и находки в закавказских комплексах второй трети III тыс. до н. э. ряда уникальных предметов «степных» форм (медальоны, костяные молоточковидные булавки, выпуклые пунсонные бляхи и т. п.). С середины III тыс. в Передней Азии распространяются подобия молоточковидных булавок, стерженьковых (грибовидных) подвесок, медальонов, пунсонных блях. В царских могилах Ура и других комплексах периода РДIII, а также Аккада найдены крупные медальоны из драгоценных металлов. Эти медальоны, как и другие престижные предметы, начинают украшать имитацией перевитого шнура. Мотив шнура в тот же период характеризует беденскую культуру в Закавказье. Все это свидетельствует об усилении северного влияния, возможно, вплоть до проникновения в Переднюю Азию групп населения из Предкавказья. The article presents data on the absolute chronology of the closed complexes and sites of Western Asia and the South Caucasus containing artifacts similar to North-Caucasian bronze adornments attributed to the East-European Steppe Middle Bronze period (first half of III mill. BC). The earliest analogies belong to the final Late – beginning of the Middle Uruk: gold ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions without ornamentation. Possibly, the tradition of making these items could indirectly influence the formation of the tradition of manufacturing the Fore-Caucasian ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions. Excavations of late Kura-Araxes (2800–2600 BC) sites in the Transcaucasia show the appearance of the simplest mushroom-shape pendants, which indicates a northern impact. Also about the influence from the North-Caucasus speak evidence in the Transcaucasian complexes of the second third of the 3rd mill. BC a number of unique artifacts of «steppe» forms (medallions, bone hammer-shaped pins, bulging punching badges, etc.). Beginning in the middle of III mill. BC, artifacts similar of hammer-shaped pins, rod-shaped (mushroom-shaped) pendants, tanged medallions, punching badges spread in the Western Asia. Large tanged medallions made from precious metals were found in Royal graves of Ur and other complexes belonged to the EDIII and Akkad periods. These medallions and other prestigious jewelery objects were beginning to be decorated with imitation of twisted «cord». The motif of the cord in the same period characterizes the Bedeni culture in the South Caucasus. This shows an increase in northern influence, perhaps even to the penetration of groups of people from North Caucasus into Western Asia.

scholarly journals Bridging the Divide: Marriage Politics across the Caucasus

Electrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 221-244
Author(s):  
Lara Fabian
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political World ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Relationships ◽  
And Control

The early relationships between the polities of Armenia and K‘art‘li in the South Caucasus and their neighbours in the North Caucasus is a central, but underappreciated, factor in the development of the South Caucasus’ social and political world in the Hellenistic period. Typically, only military aspects of these interactions are considered (e.g., Alan raids and control thereof). Hazy evidence of cross-Caucasus marriage alliances preserved in both the Armenian and Georgian historiographic traditions, however, hints at a far wider sphere of interaction, despite the inherent challenges in gleaning historical reality from these medieval accounts. This paper contextualizes two stories of cross-Caucasus marriage related to foundational dynastic figures in the Armenian and Georgian traditions, Artašēs and P‘arnavaz respectively, within a wider body of evidence for and thought about North-South Caucasus interaction. Taken as a whole, this consideration argues that North-South relationships should be seen as integral to the political development of the South Caucasus.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF IRANIAN LEXICAL ELEMENTS IN THE LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. Сатцаев
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
The North ◽  
Persian Language

Кавказ является одной из сложных в этническом отношении областей в мире. Большинство национальных групп проживает на территории Северного Кавказа. Южный же Кавказ (Закавказье) не отличается разнообразием национального состава. Азербайджанцы, грузины, армяне, осетины, абхазы и талыши являются коренными народами Южного Кавказа и тысячелетиями живут на его территории. Язык азербайджанцев относится к тюркской группе алтайской семьи. Армянский язык составляет отдельную группу в индоевропейской семье. Грузинский язык входит в картвельскую семью. Осетины и талыши являются ирано-язычными народами. Язык абхазов относится к адыго-абхазской языковой семье. В результате длительного культурно-исторического и политического общения с иранскими народами в языки Южного Кавказа вошло большое число иранских элементов. В грузинском языке лексика иранского происхождения соотносится со всеми иранскими языковыми эпохами – древней, средней и новой. Она составляет органическую часть грузинского языка, входя в основное ядро его лексики. По причине значительной близости древнеиранских языков затруднительно установить, какой именно из них стал источником того или иного заимствования. В последние столетия грузинский вобрал в себя значительное количество слов из новоперсидского и осетинского языков. Армянский этнос тысячелетиями находился в тесном контакте с иранскими народами. Эти связи нашли свое отражение в армянском языке. Армянский, как и грузинский, заимствовал большое количество иранской лексики. Азербайджанский язык сформировался сравнительно недавно и испытал огромное влияние новоперсидского языка. Через посредство персидского языка в языки Южного Кавказа проникла также арабская лексика. Характер лексической смешанности языков Южного Кавказа значительно сложнее чисто количественных или только цифровых сопоставлений. Этот вопрос может быть решен путем конкретных исследований в различных областях словарного состава, прежде всего в историческом плане. The Caucasus is one of the most ethnically complex regions in the world. The majority of national groups live in the North Caucasus. The Southern Caucasus (Transcaucasia) does not differ in the diversity of its national composition. Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians, Abkhazians and Talyshians are indigenous peoples of the South Caucasus and have lived on this territory for thousands of years. The Azerbaijanian language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family. Armenian language is a separate group in the Indo-European family. The Georgian language belongs to the Kartvelian family. Ossetians and Talyshians are Iranian-speaking peoples. The Abkhazian language belongs to the Adygo-Abkhazian language family. As a result of long-term cultural, historical and political communication with the Iranian peoples, a large number of Iranian elements have entered the languages of the South Caucasus. In the Georgian language, the vocabulary of Iranian origin corresponds to all the Iranian language epochs – ancient, middle and new. It forms an organic part of the Georgian language, forming the main core of its vocabulary. Due to the significant proximity of the ancient Iranian languages, it is difficult to determine which of them could have been the source of a particular loan. In recent centuries, Georgian has absorbed a significant number of words from the new Persian and Ossetian languages. The Armenian ethnic group has been in close contact with the Iranian peoples for thousands of years. These connections are reflected in the Armenian language. Armenian, like Georgian, borrowed a large amount of Iranian vocabulary. The Azerbaijanian language was formed relatively recently and was greatly influenced by the new Persian language. Through the medium of the Persian language, Arabic vocabulary also penetrated into the languages of the South Caucasus. The character of lexical mixing of the languages of the South Caucasus is much more complex than purely quantitative or only digital comparisons. This issue can be resolved through specific research in various areas of vocabulary, primarily in historical terms.

About military-political history of Vainakh people in Ancient Times and Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (04) ◽  
pp. 32-69
Author(s):  
Ярослав Валентинович Пилипчук ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political History ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of ethnic and political history of the Nakhs in the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Several Nakh tribes were known mainly to Georgians and Armenians. Nakhs were the main population of Georgia until the 4th century BC. The formation of the Iberian kingdom (Kartli) was closely connected with the interaction of the Kartvelian peoples with the nakhs of the South Caucasus, which appeared in Georgian sources under the name Durdzuks. The Nakhs were confronted with Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans n the North Caucasus. Therefore, Nakhs were better known in the South Caucasus. The most notable of the Durdzuk cluster was the tribe of the Tsanars. During the VIII-IX centuries Tsanars actively resisted the Arabs. The Tsanar chorebishop was one of the titles of the king of Kakheti and they actively participated in the Kakheti wars with the Abkhaz, Kartli, and Tao-Klardzhet kings. The final Kartvelization of the tsanars dates back to the XI century. Tushins, Pshavs, Khevsurs were kartvelized in the end of the XII century. Only the Batsbians retained the Nakh identity. Ethnonym Dzurzuk from the XIII century ceased to denote the Nakh population of the South Caucasus, which began to be designated by Kistins and Batsbians. Durdzuks from the XIII century these are the nakhs of the North Caucasus. The North Caucasian nakhs were ruled by the Alan kings in the XI-XIII centuries. Mongol invasion in XIII century weakened the power of the Alans over the North Caucasus. The territory of Chechnya united the Nakh state of Simsim in the middle of the XIV century, which at the end of the XIV century attacked by the Chagatays of Timur. Establish Georgian power over the highlanders in the middle of the fourteenth century. And in the 30s. XVII century Georgian kings Giorgi V and Teymuraz tried. Their real power was only over Georgian highlanders (Pshavs, Khevsurs, Tushins) and Batsbians. Kabardinians made a big campaign against the Nakhs in the middle of the XVI century. Temruk Idarov during the campaign of 1563 used the help of Nogays and Russians. Kabardinians entered the Sunzha region and drove the Ingush into the mountains. In the mountains was the possession of the Ingush Lars. The first of the Chechens to contact the Russians were the rulers of Aukh (Okoks of Russian sources). Some part of the Okoks in the XVII century evicted from Aukh on a plane to the area of Terek and Sunzha. The population of the Chechen possession obeyed the princes Turlovs from Gumbet. The people of Nokhch-Mokkh often opposed the Russians in the XVII century. There are some reasons to believe that they depended on the Kumyk rulers of the Andirean beilik. Avars and Kumyks also contributed to the penetration of Islam to the Chechens. Shibutians (Shatoys) and Chantiyans actively contacted Russians. Russian influence until the middle of the XVIII century it was rather nominal and was manifested in the presence of Cossacks and Streltsy on the Terek and Sunzha and in the exchange of embassies with Georgia. Not a single regional state such as the Safavid state or the Crimean Khanate has succeeded in establishing its power in the Central Caucasus. Chechens used vassality from the Russians as a counterweight to the influence of the Crimean Khanate and the Afshar state in the first half of the XVIII century, but this did not interfere with their situational alliances with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars against the Russians. Chechens actively supported Islamic fanatics. Strengthening Russian power in the North Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII century led to the fact that the Ingush took Russian citizenship. There have been social changes in Chechnya. Societies drove out their princes. In this situation, the Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus made an attempt to unite Sheikh Mansur. An attempt to unite Chechnya was also undertaken in the XIX century by Beibulat Taimiev. Key words: Vainakhs, Durdzuki, Chechens, Ingushes, Chechen domain, Georgia, Minor Kabarda, free societies

scholarly journals Policy of Postponed Sovetization: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Georgia in 1920–1921

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
Karine Ambartsumyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
International Context ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Federative Socialist Republic

Introduction. The author presents a brief description of the situation in the South Caucasus after the establishment of the Soviet power in Azerbaijan. A brief characteristic of the international context influencing decisionmaking in relation to Georgia and Armenia is given. The author makes a short review of historiography. Methods and materials. A list of historical sources is presented. The materials of the Archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation and the Russian state archive of social and political history, private documents and the description of Menshevik Georgia in 1920 by Soviet scientist and publicist N.L. Meshcheryakov are the base of the research. Analysis. Based on these sources, the author explores the Soviet-Georgian relations, which are considered as interstate, since Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic legally accepted the independence of the Georgian state. A comparison of the positions of the representatives of the Caucasus Bureau and the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs revealed the difference in approaches to politics in Georgia. Moscow was against forced Sovietization and considered the Georgian Republic as a temporary buffer between Russia, on the one hand, and the forces of the Entente and Kemalist Turkey, on the other. The main directions of the Soviet-Georgian interaction were analyzed. The author, giving examples from documents, proves that Georgia was used as a center for strengthening control over Azerbaijan, consolidating success in the North Caucasus and pursuing a policy of reintegrating the South Caucasus into the Russian statehood. One of the clauses of the SovietGeorgian treaty signed in May 1920 was the creation of an associated commission. The article considers the features of its work and shows its inefficiency using the documents. Results. The author draws the conclusion that achieving independence in a wide international context was impossible for Georgia at that date. The RSFSR policy during 1920–1921 can be called the course of postponed Sovietization. It became an independent stage in the reintegration of the South Caucasus.

BIODIVERSITY OF WILD RUMINANTS HELMINTHS IN ECOSYSTEMS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
M.M. ZUBAIROVA ◽  
A.M. ATAEV ◽  
N.T. KARSAKOV ◽  
T.N. ASHURBEKOVA ◽  
A.N. KHASAEV
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
The North

scholarly journals New records of megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from the North Caucasus and the south of European Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-331
Author(s):  
A.V. Fateryga ◽  
◽  
M.Yu. Proshchalykin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
European Part ◽  
European Russia ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
South Of European Russia

New data on 22 species of bees of the family Megachilidae from the North Caucasus and the south of European Russia are reported. Six species are new to Russia: Hoplitis curvipes (Morawitz, 1871), Osmia cinerea Warncke, 1988, O. ligurica Morawitz, 1868, O. cyanoxantha Pérez, 1879, Protosmia glutinosa (Giraud, 1871), and Coelioxys mielbergi Morawitz, 1880. Hoplitis turcestanica (Dalla Torre, 1896), sp. resurr. is treated as a distinct species, not a junior synonym of H. caularis (Morawitz, 1875). Megachile albocristata Smith, 1853 and M. alborufa Friese, 1911 are listed instead of previously recorded M. lefebvrei (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841) and M. pyrenaica (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841), respectively. Fourteen new regional records are reported: seven species are new to the North Caucasus, five ones are new to the south of European Russia, and two species are new to the European part of Russia as a whole. The numbers of megachilid bee species currently known in Russia, the North Caucasus, and the south of European Russia are 217, 130, and 71, respectively. The lectotype of Osmia proxima Morawitz, 1875 is designated.

scholarly journals UNDERGROUND BURIALS OF THE ANCIENT MINGACHEVIR (SAMUNIS)

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Emin Vagif Mammadov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Local Population ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Funerary Rituals ◽  
Underground Burial

The article is dedicated to the analysis of archeological excavation as a result of researches discovered in the Mingachevir conducted in the middle of the 20th century of the different type of underground burials of the ancient period. These burials are covered the significant historical period from the second half of the 1st millenium and the first century AD and are the important source of the scientific information on many issues of material and spiritual culture of the population of Caucasus Albania. Underground burials of the ancient period in the Mingachevir zone by the method of placing the deceased in them are divided into three types: 1) burials with a backbone stretched out on the back; 2) burials with a weakly crouched skeleton on the left or right side; 3) burials with a heavily crouched skeleton on the left or right side. The article gives a detailed analysis of all these three types of burials. The author of the article, along with a number of other researchers come to the conclusion that the first type of underground burial is considered to be innovation for the whole of the South Caucasus and its emergence is associated with the penetration of mobile tribes from the North Caucasus in particular the Scythian. Part of these Scythians finally settled in the Mingachevir zone and subsequently merged with the local population, which eventually leads to the appearance of a second type of underground burial in the form of underground graves with poorly crouched skeleton. The third type of underground burial of Mingachevir (Samunis) of the ancient period, namely burials with a heavily crouched skeleton belong to local autochthonous tribes, consolidation of which became the basis for the formation of the state of Caucasian Albania in the 4th – 3rd centuries BC. This type of underground burial has deep local roots and is based on centuries-old local funerary rituals.

HELMINTS OF DOMESTIC RUMINANTS AND SPECIAL FEA TERES OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTH-EAST REGION OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
M.M. ZUBAIROVA ◽  
◽  
A. M. ATAEV ◽  
N.T. KARSAKOV ◽  
Z.M. DGAMBULATOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Domestic Ruminants

scholarly journals Iranian Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus: Identity and National Interests

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Atrisangari
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior

Any foreign policy decision of a country is formed on the basis of certain principles and norms that constitute the identity and determine the role of this country. In case with Iran, although the norms that form the identity of the Islamic Republic are diverse and each of them can determine the role of the country outside its geographical borders, none of these norms totally dominates Iran’s foreign policy. Iran is a country located within (or neighboring to) several strategic regions, and in each of these regions it demonstrates different foreign policy strategy based on different norms. For example, Iran’s foreign policy in Transcaucasia is determined by principles and norms which, in some cases, are similar to the principles and norms of Iran’s foreign policy in Western Asia and, in other cases, are different from them. These divergent patterns of behavior can be accounted for by two concepts: identity and national interests. The article aims at clarifying the role of identity in determining Iran’s national interests in Transcaucasia and studies Iran’s foreign policy in the region within the mentioned framework. At the same time, the article seeks to examine the challenges associated with the principles and norms determining foreign policy, as well as identify the shortcomings of Iran’s foreign policy in the Transcaucasian region.

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