scholarly journals Gravitational Energy Levels: Part Two: مستويات طاقة الجاذبية: الجزء الثاني

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-47
Author(s):  
Edward S. Tannous Edward S. Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Light Vector ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Physical Tools

We present here a model that explains in a simple, easy and summarized manner, the values, meaning and reasons for the force of gravity, using simple physical tools. According to this model, a gravitational field actually creates different energy levels, similar to the atom, around the center of mass of the gravitational source, and a transition between the energy levels results in the creation of the force of weight acting on each small body which is in the gravitational field. As the body approaches a gravitational field, its energy value decreases to a value of m0u2(R), proportional to the distance R between the centers of the masses, when u(R) is the magnitude of the self-speed of light vector (the progression in the time axis) of the small body, and its value decreases as it approaches the center of the origin of the field. This change in the energy levels is the cause of the force of gravity. A formula is obtained for the concept of potential gravitational energy and the variables on which it depends, and for the time differences between two frames that are in the gravitational field, taking into account the motion and location of each frame. It is obtained from this model that the speed of light is also a variable value as a result of the effect of the gravitational field.

scholarly journals The Fundamental Discussion between Newton and Einstein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Field Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Light Theory

Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein lived in fundamentally different time frames. An interesting question would be: “Who would win the fundamental discussion about the interaction between gravity and light”? Einstein or Newton? Einstein with the fundamental concept of a “curved space-time continuum” within a gravitational field. Or Newton with the fundamental “3rd law of equilibrium between the forces (force-densities)”. It is still the question who was right? Einstein or Newton? Einstein assumes a deformation of the space-time continuum because of a gravitational field. But in general a deformation of any medium will be caused by the change of the energy density within the medium. Like the speed of sound will increase/ decrease when we change the air pressure. However, the speed of sound (which became higher or lower) will still be the same in any direction. The change of the speed of sound will be omni-directional.A gravitational field contains a gravitational energy-density. For that reason the change in the speed of light will be omni-directional within a gravitational field (with a omni-directional gravitational energy density). Einstein however assumes a one-directional change in the speed of light, (only in the direction of the gravitational field). When the change of the speed of light was omni-directional, a beam of light would never be deflected by a gravitational field which is in contradiction with what we measure. Only the absolute value of the speed of light would change omni-directional.The theory of Newton however results in the theory of a 2-directional inertia of photons. The inertia of photons equals zero only in the direction of propagation. Perpendicular to the direction of propagation the mass density of photons is according Einstein’s E = m c^2).The inertia of photons in the direction of propagation will not change within a gravitational field. Gravity can only interact with mass (inertia). Because the mass of the photons in the direction of propagation equals zero, there will ne no interaction with the gravitational field and the photon in the direction of propagation. The speed of light in the direction of propagation will remain unaltered. But according Newton, the photon will have inertia (mass) in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and for that reason the photon will interact with the gravitational field and the photon will be deflected, only in the direction of the gravitational field.And that leads to the consequence that photons will be deflected within a gravitational field when the direction of the gravitational field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the photons.To find fundamental mathematical evidence for this concept, we have to make use of Quantum Light Theory. Quantum Light Theory (QLT) is the development in Quantum Field Theory (QFT). In Quantum Field Theory, the fundamental interaction fields are replacing the concept of elementary particles in Classical Quantum Mechanics. In Quantum Light Theory the fundamental interaction fields are being replaced by One Single Field. The Electromagnetic Field, generally well known as Light. To realize this theoretical concept, the fundamental theory has to go back in time 300 years, the time of Isaac Newton to follow a different path in development. Nowadays experiments question more and more the fundamental concepts in Quantum Field Theory and Classical Quantum Mechanics. The publication “Operational Resource Theory of Imaginarity“ in “Physical Review Letters” in 2021 (Ref. [2]) presenting the first experimental evidence for the measurability of “Quantum Mechanical Imaginarity” directly leads to the fundamental question in this experiment: How is it possible to measure the imaginary part of “Quantum Physical Probability Waves”? This publication provides an unambiguously answer to this fundamental question in Physics, based on the fundamental “Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction” force densities. The “Quantum Light Theory” presents a new “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” describing Electromagnetic Field Configurations which are simultaneously the Mathematical Solutions for the Quantum Mechanical “Schrodinger Wave Equation” and more exactly the Mathematical Solutions for the “Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation”. The Mathematical Solutions for the “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” carry Mass, Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin at discrete values.

Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. R243-R261 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cavagna ◽  
N. C. Heglund ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Work Done

The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare). Walking, in all animals (as in man), involves an alternate transfer between gravitational-potential energy and kinetic energy within each stride (as takes place in a pendulum). This transfer is greatest at intermediate walking speeds and can account for up to 70% of the total energy changes taking place within a stride, leaving only 30% to be supplied by muscles. No kinetic-gravitational energy transfer takes place during running, hopping, and trotting, but energy is conserved by another mechanism: an elastic “bounce” of the body. Galloping animals utilize a combination of these two energy-conserving mechanisms. During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, 1) the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied; 2) the power per unit weight required to lift the center of mass is almost independent of speed; and 3) the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.

On the motion of bodies based on changes in the kinetic moment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Yury N. Razoumny ◽  
Sergei A. Kupreev
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Stellar Dynamics ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accelerated Motion ◽  
Indirect Confirmation ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
Two Bodies ◽  
Central Gravitational Field ◽  
Kinetic Moment

The controlled motion of a body in a central gravitational field without mass flow is considered. The possibility of moving the body in the radial direction from the center of attraction due to changes in the kinetic moment relative to the center of mass of the body is shown. A scheme for moving the body using a system of flywheels located in the same plane in near-circular orbits with different heights is proposed. The use of the spin of elementary particles is considered as flywheels. It is proved that using the spin of elementary particles with a Compton wavelength exceeding the distance to the attracting center is energetically more profitable than using the momentum of these particles to move the body. The calculation of motion using hypothetical particles (gravitons) is presented. A hypothesis has been put forward about the radiation of bodies during accelerated motion, which finds indirect confirmation in stellar dynamics and in an experiment with the fall of two bodies in a vacuum. The results can be used in experiments to search for elementary particles with low energy, explain cosmic phenomena and to develop transport objects on new physical principles.

scholarly journals Effect of foot–floor friction on the external moment about the body center of mass during shuffling gait: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Yamaguchi ◽  
Kei Shibata ◽  
Hiromi Wada ◽  
Hiroshi Kakehi ◽  
Kazuo Hokkirigawa
Keyword(s):  
Friction Surface ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Young Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Normal Gait ◽  
External Moment ◽  
Body Center ◽  
Floor Condition

AbstractHerein, we investigated the effect of friction between foot sole and floor on the external forward moment about the body center of mass (COM) in normal and shuffling gaits. Five young male adults walked with normal and shuffling gaits, under low- and high-friction surface conditions. The maximum external forward moment about the COM (MEFM-COM) in a normal gait appeared approximately at initial foot contact and was unaffected by floor condition. However, MEFM-COM in a shuffling gait under high-friction conditions exceeded that under low-friction conditions (p < 0.001). Therein, MEFM-COM increased with an increasing utilized coefficient of friction at initial foot contact; this effect was weaker during a normal gait. These findings indicate that increased friction between foot sole and floor might increase tripping risk during a shuffling gait, even in the absence of discrete physical obstacles.

scholarly journals Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Zaras ◽  
Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki ◽  
Gerasimos Terzis
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Small Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Biological Determinants

Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance.

scholarly journals NEUTRINO COUPLING TO COSMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND: A REVIEW ON GRAVITATIONAL BARYO/LEPTOGENESIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1330030 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAETANO LAMBIASE ◽  
SUBHENDRA MOHANTY ◽  
ARAGAM R. PRASANNA
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Cpt Symmetry ◽  
Cosmological Background ◽  
The Universe ◽  
General Conditions ◽  
Lepton Number Violating

In this paper, we review the theories of origin of matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The general conditions for achieving baryogenesis and leptogenesis in a CPT conserving field theory have been laid down by Sakharov. In this review, we discuss scenarios where a background scalar or gravitational field spontaneously breaks the CPT symmetry and splits the energy levels between particles and antiparticles. Baryon or Lepton number violating processes in proceeding at thermal equilibrium in such backgrounds gives rise to Baryon or Lepton number asymmetry.

The Hidden Variables Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Fried
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
W Boson ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Charged Mesons ◽  
New Variables

The book presents a new concept on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries as: The electric charge of subatomic particle results directly from its OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum). OAM Offset exhibits neutral state. The electron mass is a magnitude that expresses quantitatively the square of its magnetic flux quantum, hence this mass in the Wave Function yields solutions that their squared values represent the flow pattern of magnetic flux surrounding electrons at energy levels, contrary to probability density describing odds of locating electron in atom. In calculation of hydrogen's wave function the electron and proton constitute one entity. Hence zero OAM at ground state determined by computational and experimental means is due to OAM offset of electron and proton rotation in opposite directions at center of mass. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5Gev plays a major role in the weak force while it is filled by charged mesons that are emitted thru W boson while acquiring the level's energy. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton missing spin is resolved by the OAM of quarks. The Electron is bound state composition of a negative Pion and an Electron's neutrino. The theory predicts a neutral boson of 160Gev (Accompanied by W+ boson from 240Gev decaying particle).

Dynamics of a composite system in a point source-induced space–time

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150144
Author(s):  
Abdullah Guvendi
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Quantum Oscillator ◽  
Dimensional Space Time

We investigate the dynamics of a composite system ([Formula: see text]) consisting of an interacting fermion–antifermion pair in the three-dimensional space–time background generated by a static point source. By considering the interaction between the particles as Dirac oscillator coupling, we analyze the effects of space–time topology on the energy of such a [Formula: see text]. To achieve this, we solve the corresponding form of a two-body Dirac equation (fully-covariant) by assuming the center-of-mass of the particles is at rest and locates at the origin of the spatial geometry. Under this assumption, we arrive at a nonperturbative energy spectrum for the system in question. This spectrum includes spin coupling and depends on the angular deficit parameter [Formula: see text] of the geometric background. This provides a suitable basis to determine the effects of the geometric background on the energy of the [Formula: see text] under consideration. Our results show that such a [Formula: see text] behaves like a single quantum oscillator. Then, we analyze the alterations in the energy levels and discuss the limits of the obtained results. We show that the effects of the geometric background on each energy level are not same and there can be degeneracy in the energy levels for small values of the [Formula: see text].

The Hidden Variables Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Fried
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
W Boson ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Charged Mesons ◽  
New Variables

The book presents a new concept on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries as: The electric charge of subatomic particle results directly from its OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum). OAM Offset exhibits neutral state. The electron mass is a magnitude that expresses quantitatively the square of its magnetic flux quantum, hence this mass in the Wave Function yields solutions that their squared values represent the flow pattern of magnetic flux surrounding electrons at energy levels, contrary to probability density describing odds of locating electron in atom. In calculation of hydrogen's wave function the electron and proton constitute one entity. Hence zero OAM at ground state determined by computational and experimental means is due to OAM offset of electron and proton rotation in opposite directions at center of mass. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5Gev plays a major role in the weak force while it is filled by charged mesons that are emitted thru W boson while acquiring the level's energy. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton missing spin is resolved by the OAM of quarks. The Electron is bound state composition of a negative Pion and an Electron's neutrino. The theory predicts a neutral boson of 160Gev (Accompanied by W+ boson from 240Gev decaying particle).

The Hidden Variables Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Fried
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
W Boson ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Charged Mesons ◽  
New Variables

The book presents a new concept on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries as: The electric charge of subatomic particle results directly from its OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum). OAM Offset exhibits neutral state. The electron mass is a magnitude that expresses quantitatively the square of its magnetic flux quantum, hence this mass in the Wave Function yields solutions that their squared values represent the flow pattern of magnetic flux surrounding electrons at energy levels, contrary to probability density describing odds of locating electron in atom. In calculation of hydrogen's wave function the electron and proton constitute one entity. Hence zero OAM at ground state determined by computational and experimental means is due to OAM offset of electron and proton rotation in opposite directions at center of mass. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5Gev plays a major role in the weak force while it is filled by charged mesons that are emitted thru W boson while acquiring the level's energy. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton missing spin is resolved by the OAM of quarks. The Electron is bound state composition of a negative Pion and an Electron's neutrino. The theory predicts a neutral boson of 160Gev (Accompanied by W+ boson from 240Gev decaying particle).

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