Gravitational Energy Levels: Part Two: مستويات طاقة الجاذبية: الجزء الثاني

We present here a model that explains in a simple, easy and summarized manner, the values, meaning and reasons for the force of gravity, using simple physical tools. According to this model, a gravitational field actually creates different energy levels, similar to the atom, around the center of mass of the gravitational source, and a transition between the energy levels results in the creation of the force of weight acting on each small body which is in the gravitational field. As the body approaches a gravitational field, its energy value decreases to a value of m0u2(R), proportional to the distance R between the centers of the masses, when u(R) is the magnitude of the self-speed of light vector (the progression in the time axis) of the small body, and its value decreases as it approaches the center of the origin of the field. This change in the energy levels is the cause of the force of gravity. A formula is obtained for the concept of potential gravitational energy and the variables on which it depends, and for the time differences between two frames that are in the gravitational field, taking into account the motion and location of each frame. It is obtained from this model that the speed of light is also a variable value as a result of the effect of the gravitational field.

Research on Stability of Gray Value of Excited-State Fluorescent Oil Film Based on Variable Light Vector Angle

In global skin-friction measurement of aircraft, the fluorescent oil film method can characterize the distribution of skin friction well. However, in an actual wind tunnel test, the wing of the aircraft will inevitably produce corresponding vibrations due to the influence of wind, which will change the relative position between fluorescent oil film and UV (ultraviolet) excitation light source (position fixed). This also directly affects gray value imaging of fluorescent oil films. Based on this, a mathematical model is established to judge the stability of the gray value of fluorescent oil film in this vibrational environment; then, the model can be solved to obtain the vibrational range constraint that enables the gray value of fluorescent oil film to be stabilized. In order to simplify the calculation process, the light vector angle is used to describe the constraint, which also makes the results more intuitive. Through experimental analysis and demonstration, the prediction accuracy of this model can reach 95.61%, which has certain practical engineering application significance.

Revisiting $$\gamma ^*\rightarrow \gamma \pi ^0\eta $$ near the $$\phi (1020)$$ using analyticity and the left-cut structure

Amplitudes of the form $$\gamma ^*(q^2)\rightarrow \gamma P_1P_2$$ γ ∗ ( q 2 ) → γ P 1 P 2 appear as sub-processes in the computation of the muon $$g-2$$ g - 2 . We test a proposed theoretical modelling against very precise experimental measurements by the KLOE collaboration at $$q^2=m^2_\phi $$ q 2 = m ϕ 2 . Starting from an exact, parameter-free dispersive representation for the S-wave satisfying QCD asymptotic constraints and Low’s soft photon theorem we derive, in an effective theory spirit, a two-channel Omnès integral representation which involves two subtraction parameters. The discontinuities along the left-hand cuts which, for timelike virtualities, extend both on the real axis and into the complex plane are saturated by the contributions from the light vector mesons. In the case of $$P_1P_2=\pi \eta $$ P 1 P 2 = π η , we show that a very good fit of the KLOE data can be achieved with two real parameters, using a T-matrix previously determined from $$\gamma \gamma $$ γ γ scattering data. This indicates a good compatibility between the two data sets and confirms the validity of the T-matrix. The resulting amplitude is also found to be compatible with the chiral soft pion theorem. Applications to the $$I=1$$ I = 1 scalar form factors and to the $$a_0(980)$$ a 0 ( 980 ) resonance complex pole are presented.

Vector-meson production and vector meson dominance

We consider the fidelity of the vector meson dominance (VMD) assumption as an instrument for relating the electromagnetic vector-meson production reaction $$e + p \rightarrow e^\prime + V + p$$ e + p → e ′ + V + p to the purely hadronic process $$V + p \rightarrow V+p$$ V + p → V + p . Analyses of the photon vacuum polarisation and the photon-quark vertex reveal that such a VMD Ansatz might be reasonable for light vector-mesons. However, when the vector-mesons are described by momentum-dependent bound-state amplitudes, VMD fails for heavy vector-mesons: it cannot be used reliably to estimate either a photon-to-vector-meson transition strength or the momentum dependence of those integrands that would arise in calculations of the different reaction amplitudes. Consequently, for processes involving heavy mesons, the veracity of both cross-section estimates and conclusions based on the VMD assumption should be reviewed, e.g., those relating to hidden-charm pentaquark production and the origin of the proton mass.

Thermosynechococcus switches the direction of phototaxis by a c-di-GMP dependent process with high spatial resolution

Many cyanobacteria, which use light as an energy source via photosynthesis, show directional movement towards or away from a light source. However, the molecular and cell biological mechanisms for switching the direction of movement remain unclear. Here, we visualized type IV pilus-dependent cell movement in the rod-shaped thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus using optical microscopy at physiological temperature and light conditions. Positive and negative phototaxis were controlled on a short time scale of 1 min. The cells smoothly moved over solid surfaces towards green light, but the direction was switched to backward movement when we applied additional blue light illumination. The switching was mediated by three photoreceptors, SesA, SesB and SesC, which have cyanobacteriochrome photosensory domains and synthesis/degradation activity of the bacterial second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP). Our results suggest that the decision-making process for directional switching in phototaxis involves light-dependent changes in the cellular concentration of c-di-GMP. Furthermore, we reveal that rod-shaped cells can move perpendicular to the light vector, indicating that the polarity can be controlled not only by pole-to-pole regulation but also within-a-pole regulation. This study provides insights into previously undescribed rapid bacterial polarity regulation via second messenger signalling with high spatial resolution.

A Light Mediator Relating Neutrino Reactions

The extension of the standard model with a multiplicative U(1)R factor is consistent with a light vector boson. In its simplest realization, only right-handed particles carry charges of the new group. In this model, there is a residual τ3R symmetry and one new coupling constant which correlates neutrino interactions. We compute new contributions to antineutrino–electron scattering and coherent scattering on nuclei, and compare them with the XENON1T result.

Search for new light vector boson using J/Ψ at BESIII and Belle II

We investigate various search strategies for light vector boson X in $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (10) MeV mass range using J/Ψ associated channels at BESIII and Belle II: (i) J/Ψ → ηcX with 1010J/Ψs at BESIII, (ii) J/Ψ(ηc + X) + $$ \mathrm{\ell}\overline{\mathrm{\ell}} $$ ℓ ℓ ¯ production at Belle II, and (iii) J/Ψ + X with the displaced vertex in X → e+e− decay are analyzed and the future sensitivities at Belle II with 50 ab−1 luminosity are comprehensively studied. By requiring the displaced vertex to be within the beam pipe, the third method results in nearly background-free analysis, and the vector boson-electron coupling and the vector boson mass can be probed in the unprecedented range, 10−4 ≤ |εe| ≤ 10−3 and 9 MeV ≤ mX ≤ 100MeV with 50 ab−1 at Belle II. This covers the favored signal region of 8Be* anomaly recently reported by Atomki experiment with mX ≃ 17 MeV.